To Investigate Importance Of Physical Architecture Essay

The essay aims to look into importance of physical and non spacial facets and their interrelatedness thru series of geographic expeditions and apprehension by instance surveies ( Old market square Nottingham and St John churchyard Hackney ) with theoretical statements.At the terminal paper would happen out cogency of selected theoretical statements about the physical and non physical facets. Further the interrelatedness of the of these facets will research.The selected cased surveies are Market square Nottingham and St John God's acre, Hackney, London. ‘Many interior decorators and designers regard public infinite as the publically owned empty spots between edifices. Many of these infinites are useless or unsafe and abandoned, with the consequence that ‘this renders their definition as public infinite nothing and nothingness ( Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996 ) This essay besides opposes the generic manner of thought of planning and designing of the unfastened infinites sing merely physical properties of design. This essay besides advocates wholly different position for sing the unfastened infinite and non the stereotype impression of aesthetic, beautification, take a breathing infinite, or lungs infinite. ‘The Parkss are volatile infinites and tend to runs to the extremes of popularity and unpopularity ‘ ( Jane Jacob 1960 ) . Open infinite is unstable entity and quiet unpredictable in many ways, and have much more significance than mere take a breathing infinite or lung infinite or merely to fulfill the unfastened infinite norm set by the town planning or development control ordinance. ‘There are far excessively many unfertile place and windswept corners that are infinites left over from another map ( such as traffic circulation or natural lighting demands for tall edifices ) .This phenomenon is Sometimes referred to as ‘SLOAP ‘ – infinite left over after be aftering ‘ . ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 ) Open infinite planning and planing inherently critical compared to other edifice or land uses this has lowest grade of the spacial excitations but can be highly vulnerable if non decently thought. This essay arranged to flux from the theoretical to practical. Attempts to bring out the facets that constitute public infinites.1.2 Defining and understanding Open infiniteOpen infinite has different reading for interior decorator and designer and the end-users. The town and state planning act defines it as ‘land laid out as a public garden, or used for the intents of public diversion, or land which is a obsolete entombment land ‘ . This definition is consequence of academic or what town contriver & A ; architect feels about the public infinite as public garden or infinite for diversion can non specify holistically. Conversely Gehl defined the unfastened infinite on the footing of the activity forms and more users centric. ‘An sphere allows for different types of activities embracing necessary, optional, and societal actives ‘ ( Gehl 1987 ) . However Walzer ‘s definition is more inclusive and holding societal dimension, he says Public infinite is infinite where we portion with aliens, Peoples who are n't our relations, friends or work associates. It is infinite for political relations, faith, commercialism, athletics ; infinite for peaceable coexistence and impersonal brush. Its character expresses and besides conditions our public life, civic civilization, mundane discourse Walzer ( 1986 ) The above reading gives different virtuousnesss of the unfastened infinite and establishes importance of it.Chapter 2. Discussion of Theories and PrinciplesThis chapter would cover about statements of the spacial and non spacial facets of the public infinite. Kavin lynch ‘s theory about the ocular facets of the ocular facets of the cityscapes easiness with which its parts can be recognized and can be arranged in to coherent form ( Lynch 1960 ) . However Henry Shaftoe argues ‘People want coherency and a sense of safety in public infinites, but they do n't desire blandness ‘ ( Kaplan and Kaplan 1989, Marsh 1990 ) . I would state topographic point devising should see both facets as they are every bit contribute for doing the topographic point societal sustainable. I would wish to confirm with Rasmussen statement who says ‘It is non adequate to see architecture ; you must see it ‘ ( Rasmussen 1959 ) ‘Sensuous demands may co-occur or conflict with other demands but can non be separated from them in planing or judgment, nor are they ‘impractical ‘ or simply cosmetic, or even nobler than other concerns. Feeling is indispensable to being alive ‘ . ( Lynch 1971p189 ) Lynch statements are pro aesthetic or pro physical development but harmonizing to him the physical scene is strong plenty to make the sense of the topographic point. Other observer differs with Lynch ‘If our apprehension is limited to a ocular apprehension, we merely concentrate on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond visual aspects, we start a spacial apprehension, a three dimensional experience. We can come in this infinite, instead than merely see it. The same applies to the design of infinites. We do non make mere visual aspects but infinites that we can utilize for different intents ‘ . ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) . The undertaking for public infinite has put frontward Ten Principles for Creating Successful Squares. However it would be hard to use this rule universally as said earlier Open infinite is unstable entity and is affected by socio- economic system, political relations, and human ecology and other societal ailments or good qualities. Generalised attack for planning and planing unfastened infinite may non work as the unfastened infinite is alone in many ways. Further Ali Midanapour expressed concern over planing without understanding the world. ‘This position of design, as an elitist, artistic endeavor which has no relationship to the existent, day-to-day jobs of big subdivisions of urban societies, has led to the decrease of urban design to a ocular activity ‘ ( Ali Midanapour 1997 ) . Similar to above statement Henry Shaftoe emphasis on the psychological dimension /non spacial dimension of the unfastened infinite ‘Public infinites serve a figure of practical maps, being topographic points for trading, meeting, conversing, resting and so on. Yet there is an extra dimension to public infinite – it can carry through certain psychological demands every bit good as strictly physical 1s. By ‘psychology ‘ in this context, I mean anything that affects our behavior or feelings. ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 ) From the above treatment one may feel that there something more than physical dimension, which makes public infinite socially sustainable infinite. As infinite is an enclosing component and it encloses the activity. Activity is non needfully being merely physical enclosure centric.Chapter 3. The Research Question‘Do merely aesthetically fulfilling public infinite can organize the socially sustainable infinites ‘ ? The research inquiry would research the interrelatedness of the non spacial dimension with spacial one in designing of the unfastened infinite. Underpinnings and rules of the doing successful infinites would be tested on the real-time instance surveies to formalize the statements. The testing of the theoretical hypotheses may give us the being of the non design facets and their importance. The inquiry besides explores how intentional public infinites matched to the cross subdivision of the society.3.1 Framework for probe.Since the research inquiry demands geographic expeditions qualitative and quantitative facets. The of import virtuousness of the instance survey would be ocular study, thru which I would look into the both physical and non physical facet of the instance survey. ‘Only through eternal walking can the interior decorator absorb into his being the true graduated table of urban infinites ‘ ( Edmund Bacon 1975 ) . The recognizance study would be distributed over weekends weekdays and different period of a twenty-four hours. Further the instance survey would look into the qualitative facet of the study through people perception study. The probe of non spacial facets would be done by Reconnaissance study and the Study of tenancy in different period of hebdomad and different period of twenty-four hours. Besides examines the tenancy in gay and non gay season. Non spacial facets would be done by semi structured interviews with end-users to cognize what they feel about public infinite what is missing. What is the factors attractive force or repulsive force to the unfastened infinite? Their aspirations about the unfastened infinite. Due to restriction of the academic paper the sample of size of the instance surveies would be little. However the series of ocular geographic expedition and reconnaissance study would bridge the spread.3.2 Case surveiesThe instance surveies for the testing are Nottingham old market square and St. John church viridity. Idea of choosing these instance surveies is they portion similarities in many ways, some of them are postulated below.Surrounded busy commercial country.Cardinal location of the metropolis and country i.e. east London.Heritage structures around like church and St.Augustine tower in footings of Hackney, town hall and Municipal council office.Areas offer Transport connectivity to the remainder of the metropolis or country.Nottingham Old market Square Area of the old market square is 4,400m2, quiet geometrical ( i.e. inner square approximately 100 x44 m ) . The natural topography of the original medieval square is exploited in the design by gradual degrees for wheel chair users and for drainage flow. The council house forms the border of the northern border of the market square Figure 1 The study demoing the solid and null country of the market square The enclosure of the market square is formed by constructing about. Inner Square is bounded by the commercial, constitution ‘s coffeehouse, restaurants and branded supermarkets via Debenhams. Outer ring of the pedestrianised on North and east side portion of the Square. Strategically located in the bosom metropolis commercial country the edifice has utilised about 100 % of the secret plan are. The country around the market square represents all right grained development.3.3 Case study no-1 The St John Church Yard -Hackney LondonArea of the public infinite – 3.83 hour angle. The St John Church Yard -Hackney London is outstanding pubic infinite in Hackney cardinal. A mixture of different infinites, the gardens provide a formal scene for the church and Clapton Square to the North. The public infinite is isolated from the from the busy Mare street. From part majorly utilised for the inactive diversion and rear countries constitutes the kids play country. The St. John Church and St. Augustine tower is major landmark of the country helps in voyaging prosaic traffic.3.4 Discussion of instance surveies illations and theory3.4.1 Amenities-‘A square should have comfortss that make it comfy for people to utilize.A bench or waste receptacle in merely the right location can do a large difference in how people choose to utilize a topographic point ‘ ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) . However Urbanist William H. Whyte ‘s suggested more ‘flexible attack ‘ harmonizing to him ‘in public infinites, people prefer movable chairs to repair seating. Peoples like to command their ain infinite, and movable chairs allow them to make merely that. Movable chairs let people face one another and interact in different ways. ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html ) This suggests that planing the unfastened infinites should be sing mind of larger subdivision of the society and non merely what landscape interior decorator ‘s want. Harmonizing to H. Whyte maintaining the scattered would direct a message of trust that people will non steal them. Conversely, since the unfastened infinite is affected by the society ailments and frailty versa, this besides can non be generalised rule.3.4.2 Seasonal Strategy – Is programme is overmastering than infinite?‘Successful Square ca n't boom with merely one design or direction scheme ‘ . ( PPs.org 2009 ) . This statement is quiet valid in many ways, public needs to alter or accommodate as per the seasons. In absence of the seasonal scheme may ensue underutilisation of the infinite in certain period of twelvemonth. The seasonal scheme is good demonstrated in Old market square Nottingham. Figure 6 Shows the wheel of Nottingham by and large opens from February to stop of April. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wheelofnottingham.co.uk/index4.html ) Figure 5 Shows the ice skating sphere and German market is chief attractive force in the winter. During Christmas the infinite is filled with activities and peoples. The seasonal scheme is programme that is implemented. The seasonal schemes non merely do the best use but besides generate activities throughout the twelvemonth.Further makes infinite more economically sustainable and can be managed good. This rule can be supported with Henry shaftoe ‘s statement, he says ‘As a species we are sociable animate beings who like to garner in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us lingering in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and above any physical or environmental attractive forces that the topographic point may hold ‘ . ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 ) On the other manus the Hackney does n't show as stronger seasonal scheme or programme. Therefore ST.John God's acre is n't able generate activities to pull the people. Even if Hackney church pace has appealing landscape gardening, the heritage construction Church and St. Augustine tower, locality to the busy market street and strategic positing. However the scheduling limited for the certain period of clip of twenty-four hours but he country around the market square is chiefly commercial so this country becomes dull and inactive so leads to less perceptual experience of safety.3.4.3 Flexibility and Adaptability‘The usage of a square alterations during the class of the twenty-four hours, hebdomad, and twelvemonth. To react to these natural fluctuations, flexibleness demands to be built in. Alternatively of a lasting phase, for illustration, a retractable or impermanent phase could be used. Likewise, it is of import to hold on-site storage for movable chairs, tabular arraies, umbrellas, and games so they can be used at a minute ‘s notice ‘ . ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) . The principal of flexibleness and adaptability can been seen in the old market square. The H2O characteristic of the old market square is 1.8 thousand H2O autumn, rivulets and 53 jets and a scrim, arranged as patios. This H2O characteristic can be turned off and used as phases or impermanent screening countries. Five listed lanterns and two flag poles have besides been refurbished and integrated into the new strategy.3.4.4 Peoples pulling people or steering physical properties of public infinite‘Any great square has a assortment of smaller â€Å" topographic points † within it to appeal to assorted people. These can include out-of-door caf & A ; eacute ; s, fountains, and sculpture, †¦ ( www.pps.org ) However Henry shaftoe argues ‘As a species we are sociable animate beings who like to garner in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us lingering in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and above any physical or environmental attractive forces that the Topographic point may hold. ( Sahftoe Henry ) . If we test above the statements on St. John God's acre, Hackney, Henry Shaftoe ‘s statement is holds cogency. Because St. John God's acre has quiet pulling physical properties such as St John church, Saint Augustine tower but still fails to pull peoples. Similarly in study one of the interviewee said, he follows the crowd for utilizing the infinite. This may because more figure of people gives perceptual experience of safety and for many users sense community is much more of import than the physical visual aspect of the scene.3.4.5 Interrelation of the Inner Square, Outer Square, and Series of Small Squares‘Visionary park contriver Frederick Law Olmsted ‘s thought of the â€Å" interior park † and the â€Å" outer park † is merely as relevant today as it was over 100 old ages ago. The streets and pavements around a square greatly affect its handiness and usage, as do the edifices that surround it ‘ . ( www.pps.org 2009 ) This rule is quiet right and can be seen in the Old market square as the street on the northern and eastern side are wholly pedestranised with active frontage facing towards the square. It provides surveillance and besides increases its tenancy. Further Henry Shaftoe adds new dimension of series of squares. ‘Some of the most gratifying public infinites are those that consist of a series of squares connected by short prosaic paths, so that one can roll through a series of Unfurling tableaux. ‘ ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 page figure 80 ) This hypothesis is valid in footings of market square as shown in program the Old market square is surrounded by series of smaller squares of the size ( mention fig no xxxxxx ) . Figure 6 the study demoing little public infinites around the Old market squares shown in blue. the smaller public infinites around the market squares makes people to flux into the old market square Further the grounds of interrelatedness of spacial character, graduated table and proportion are derived from how human perceive it. Kavin lynch has put frontward some dimension of the outdoor squares based on how we experience the out-of-door infinite. â€Å" We can observe human being from the distance of 1200 m, recognize him at 25 m see his facial look at 14 m, and experience him in direct relation to us -present or intrusive -at 1-3 metre. † ( kavin lynch 1 Gary Hack2 1971 ) further he says the dimension 12 are confidant and up to 25 metre is still an easy for human graduated table This hypotheses are valid in the in the smaller squares near to the Market squares viz near to the express vacation in western side. ( 17 Wide ) And 2nd square ( as shown in phtoxxx in ) northern side 9 near to the, pizza hut etc which is 28 metre ( measured from www.googlemaps.co.uk ) .3.4.6 Natural elementsThe natural component are besides important subscriber in the in heightening the experience of the infinite. ‘The feel of the warm zephyr, or a sudden iciness Draft, the sound of air current through the trees, or blasts of blown fall leaves waken the passer-by to the present minute. These intense experiences of alteration or difference in nature – particularly those that are peculiarly gratifying – may arouse shared looks of delectation and pleasance ‘ . ( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 ) In reconnaissance study and the semi structured interview uncovers the natural elements such as the visible radiation and shadiness of trees, thick green grass, sound of H2O adds up to the experience of infinite, so the park is non stay mere physical entity it turns in to see. And experience of the infinite makes users to see once more and once more.1.1 Summary of findings, decisionsIn visible radiation of the instance surveies and the statements of different writers it points out towards our experience of the topographic point is combination of all senses non merely ocular. This hypothesis forms the lineation of the aesthetic and environmental psychological science. There are many factors such as right graduated table enclosures sense of machination, easiness of apprehension, neither claustrophobic nor agoraphobic etc many of these factors interact in really harmonious mode. The aesthetics dominates desires believing in many ways for the simple ground it is they are visually appealing, therefore interior decorators approach is aesthetic centric and tends to overlook the non spacial facets such the noise, odor, touch, sense of topographic point The unfastened infinite phenomenon in the typically urban context is truly unstable and dynamic. In my sentiment handling the unfastened infinite more carefully and non merely left over or take a breathing or lungs infinite or merely attractive unfastened infinite, it much more than that. As designer we should non enforce individualized thought on the unfastened infinite as terminal users are one who makes it successful. The physical enclosure of public infinite is one that starts the interaction and non design facets are besides moving as accelerator to organize socially sustainable infinite. The essay restriction being academic survey and research more by increasing sample size and besides clip restriction. Reconnaissance study and user ‘s perceptual experience study with bigger sample size and including representative of cross subdivision of society i.e. based on age group ethnicity, physically handicapped etc distributed over the twelvemonth. We may non get at definite solutions or exact constellation of what unfastened infinite should or should non hold but planing of unfastened infinite maintaining users psyche in foreground would decidedly give the hints for planing the socially sustainable unfastened infinites Safety and Regulation of use of infinite Puting things together after every chapterMentionsThe winning design – ‘The Defender of the City ‘ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/www/marketsquare/design.asp ( 2 -1-2010 4.30 autopsy )Gustafson Porter. ( 2008 ) . ‘the Guardian of the City ‘ . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gustafson-porter.com/intro.htm. Last accessed 3 Jan 2010 4.30am.Hackney Council. ( Mar 09 ) . Draft Interim Hackney Central Area Action Plan. Avilable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hackney.gov.uk/draft-hackney-central-masterplan-p102-mar09.pdf. Last accessed 3 Jan 2010 p114 )Andrew M. Manshel. ( 2009 ) . A Topographic point Is Better Than a Plan. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html. Last accessed 1 January 2010.Shaftoe. H ( 2008 ) . Convivial Urban Spaces: Making Effective Public Places. London: Earthscan.p. 51Lynch. K ( 1960 ) . The Image of the City. 15th erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: MI T Press. p2, 49,81.Lynch.K, Hack K ( 1984 ) . Site Planning. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: MIT Press. P.157, 158Bacon E ( 1975 ) Design of Cities. Thames & A ; Hudson, LondonWorpole K and Greenhalgh L ( 1996 ) . The Freedom of the City. Demos: London. p14.Jacobs. J ( 1961 ) . The Death and Life of Great American Cities: The failure of town planning. 3rd Ed. New York: Random House. p88Gehl, J. ( 1987 ) Life between Buildings: Using public infinites, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold p. 2, 3, 85Walzer, M. ( 1986 ) ‘Public Space: Pleasures and Costss of Urbanity ‘ , Dissent 33, 4: 470-475.Rasmussen S.E ( 1959 ) . Experiencing Architecture. London: Chapman and Hall. P 33.Madanipour, A. ( 1997 ) . ‘Ambiguities of Urban Design ‘ , Town Planning Review. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p 363-367.Gallacher P ( 2005 ) Everyday Spaces: The potency of neighbourhood infinite. Thomas Telford, London Edmund Bacon 1975( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 Carmel, CA: Go ndolier Press,  ©1995 )

School Discipline

No school administrators in their right mind would ignore school discipline as one of their most important responsibilities. Nearly every survey of school administrators in recent years lists school discipline and school safety as one of or their most important areas of emphasis. Although serious acts of crime and violence are relatively rare in schools, fighting, bullying, acts of disrespect, and insubordination still remain as problems faced by school administrators every day. A study by Public Agenda (Johnson, 2004) indicated that seven in ten middle and high school teachers surveyed say their schools have serious problems with students who disrupt classes. Most experienced school administrators in charge of school discipline would say that students who continually disrupt classes make up less than 5% of students enrolled, but that 5% of enrolled students can take 90% of their time. School Discipline Introduction The word discipline is a strong word for most of us. It carries with it some preconceived description words such as â€Å"weak,† â€Å"strong,† â€Å"good,† and â€Å"bad†. It is a word that has serious ramifications for all those who are engaged in the field of education. Having â€Å"good† discipline is a goal of every classroom teacher. Principals never want the reputation of having â€Å"weak† discipline at their schools. The public demands that schools be places of effective discipline that create environment where teachers can teach and students can learn. Discipline; From the Latin term disciplina, meaning: 1. A branch of knowledge or learning; 2. Training that develops self-control, character, orderliness or efficiency; 3. Strict control to enforce obedience; 4. Treatment that controls or punishes; 5. a system of rules. It is interesting that the definitions of the term suggest that discipline can have quite different implications for schools. The component of the definition that relates to teaching seems much more positive than the components that include the negative expressions such as punishment and strict control. Rosen, 5) The Strict Control to Enforce Obedience There is no doubt that someone needs to be in charge of our schools. As long as schools are composed of hundreds or thousands of students who are required by law to reside in an institutional setting for several hours a day, several times a week, there must be someone in control. Control does not mean being a warden at a prison. It means maintaining order and discipline. One needs only a short time at a school campus to d etermine whether or not someone is in control. Someone is in control of school when: 1. Students are where they are supposed to be at any given hour the school day. 2. There are few interruptions of class time. 3. The campus is clean and free to graffiti. 4. Campus visitors are screened and required to wear a visitor's badge. 5. Communication devices are visible and readily available. 6. Supervisory personnel are visible. 7. Students, teachers, and administrators have a good working relationship. Discipline: Ex-pupils' observations. There are many views about school discipline, varying from those held by the freedom advocated like A. S. Neil and his discipline to the grinding regimentation of Mr. M'Choakumchild and his factotum Mr. Gradgrind. It would, however, be agreed that a good discipline in a school would be such as to be accompanied by reasonable orderliness, respect for others and their property—not forgetting school property—and a pleasant atmosphere, which means among other things that there is no feeling of rebelliousness against what are felt to be unnecessary regulations. There will sometimes be conflict between the head's idea of what is satisfactory discipline and that of the pupils; if he pushes too hard to reach unreasonable and maybe unattainable standards of obedience, the school either starts to resemble a prison or his most unreasonable laws are broken by all sundry, and later his reasonable rules are also endangered; if alternatively he is too lax the pupils are educated into wrong attitudes to the school, to schoolwork and even to society, and poor educational progress is one of the least of the prices to be paid. So the head and staff have to steer a middle path between the extremes, and this is concerned with whether this is more easily attained—for whatever reason—in a co-educational school rather than a single-sex one. For the most part it presents the point of view of mature and responsible ex-pupils, especially of those who have attended schools of both types and can look back and compare their experiences in the two schools. Their conception of discipline will not only be that of pupils, because they are all learning how to teach in schools themselves, and their views will certainly be colored by what they as beginning teachers consider to be good discipline. (Dale, 156,616) Research indicated that more teachers leave teaching because of discipline problems than any other reasons. Losing good teachers is a serious problem for all schools, be they public or private. A troublesome student can cause many a good teacher a loss of sleep and aggravation. Teachers enter the teaching field because they are interested in teaching not wrestling with students who continually disrupt classroom time. School administrators need to be a supportive tool of teachers in their classroom management routines and practices. Helping teachers to have good classroom management practices has become an important part of the school disciplinarian's role. Disciplinary Traditions It is difficult to generalize about the differing models of discipline applied within schools throughout the world. Taking a very broad perspective, it could be argued that discipline models reflect the way a society sees education as meeting either collective or individual needs. For example, in china there has been a tradition that child should be socialized as early as possible to confirm the cultural expectations. This meant that in China, not only was attendance compulsory but so also was achievement. Disciplinary practices have been undertaken in a collectivist spirit with the intention of forming â€Å"good† behaviors. In countries such as China and India there are strong masculinist traditions in the teacher-pupil relationship, and yet this field of research, school discipline and gender, is still to be fully developed. (Kramarae, Spender, 395) As Treatment to control or Punish The term punishment is usually related to some type of suffering or derivation. To be realistic, people must admit that punishment exists because of the expectations of society. This is particularly true in schools. When students misbehave, adults expect them to be punished. The degree of punishment may depend on the community in which the school is located. For example, in the southern part of the nation, corporal punishment is much more acceptable than in other parts. In 1993, there were 613,514 instances of paddling reports in United Stated. Most of those paddling cases occurred in southern states. Corporal punishment is still legal in 26 states. Corporal punishment may not only be accepted but expected in Deep South, but in Rhode Island, administrators can lose their credentials if they strike a student for any reason. (Rosen, 5) Conclusion â€Å"Discipline is not the art of rewarding and punishing, of making pupil's speak and be silent; it is the art of making them perform, in the most appropriate, easy, and useful manner, all the duties of the school. † The definition of â€Å"school discipline,† by the Conference Society of Capelian, is evidently too broad. â€Å"The elementary school ought, by the spirit ruling within, and by its instruction, so to operate upon the children that they shall receive a preparation, adaptation to their ages and capacities, for temporal and eternal life. † (Sabin, 181)

Innovation in Nursing Education Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Innovation in Nursing Education - Term Paper Example This research highlights that in the 21st century context, nursing operations have become quite significant and complex. With this concern, nurse educators have a vital part to ensure that they are preparing the nurses effectively for future. Nursing education must be modified so as to prepare nurses who can fulfill the upcoming health care requirements. In present days, nurse education requires developing technological understanding besides the nursing talents. Nurses are the forefront users of technology. As technological applications has turned out to be an essential part of patient care, nurses have improved their scope of practice acquiring knowledge and practical experience in the field of using electronic information in education. Technology has transformed the connection between nurses and other health service providers like doctors, physicians, surgeons and so on. The inclusion of technology in nursing education practices can be observed since World War II. Nursing education concerns about the nature and the application of technological devices. In the period of 1870s and 1940s technology had triumphed in nursing practices. During that time, nursing practice was renovated by new technical devices like thermometer, electrocardiograph machine, stethoscope, X-ray and microscope. This enhanced the reliability of medical analysis leading towards the overall betterment of medical treatment and effective relationship between doctors and patients. With respect to the historical perspective, the technology is continuously changing in nursing education and practices. ... In the technological era nurses face significant challenges with respect to learning and employing. Information technology (IT) influences the manner in which nurses are educated and practice patient care. Furthermore, improvements in IT have also become an essential part of development and continuous education in nursing. Nurse educators have begun to employ informatics applications to assist the nurses. For instance, nurse educators can provide instruction through web-oriented sessions combined with discussion sheets and electronic analysis. Nursing students are able to search information through websites. But technology has also raised the issues such as privacy and security in the field of nursing. There are multiple viewpoints with respect to technology advances in nursing education. As the nursing education has changed some believe that technology can lead to new excitement, new ability and higher prospect to develop. But others’ view technology as disturbance or risk fo r nursing practice as maximum use of technology can make the nursing occupation obsolete (Rivers & Et. Al., n.d.). Table of Contents Innovation in Nursing Education 1 Abstract 2 Table of Contents 4 Introduction 5 Literature Review 6 Historical Perspective of Technology in Nursing Education 6 Technological Issues in Nursing Education 8 Issue of Shortage of Educators 9 Safety issue for importing technology 10 Other issues for importing technology in nursing education 11 Discussion 12 Evaluating new frontline 14 Ethical issues in technology 16 Conclusion and recommendation 18 References 21 Introduction Technologies have unlocked several new pathways to assist nurse educators in providing training facilities. The rapid growth of electronic education atmosphere has amplified the

Attacks on Abortion Providers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Attacks on Abortion Providers - Essay Example That is, violence already resides within the very nature of relationship between the oppressor, and the oppressed. The truth needs to be evaluated and understood the necessity of violent uproar against such practices. This paper is an attempt to understand the differences and similarities between abolition and abortion concerning the attacks on slavery by John Brown and the attacks on abortion clinics in recent times. Abortion is a heated topic pitting pro-life and pro-choice advocates against each other. It may be defined as â€Å"the loss of a pregnancy before the fetus or fetuses are potentially capable of life independent of mother† (Potts, Diggory & Peel, 1977). The US constitution guarantees a right of privacy that includes a women’s right to have an abortion during the first thirteen weeks of pregnancy, and later to safeguard the woman’s life or health. The laws regarding a woman’s right for abortion varies in different regions, most specifically in Islamic countries where it is strictly prohibited. If we look at it from a religious perspective, then it becomes clear that it has been compared to commit a murder. The rate of conducting abortions has been constantly increasing in western and Islamic nations alike. For example, in USA, a total of 1.2 million abortions was performed in 2003, and about one-third of the total abortions were performed for women aged 20 to 24 (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2009). This has given birth to an un-ending argument between social and political sectors of society, over the legality of this act, and the un-holy attribute attached to this practice. This debate has yet to be resolved, but has paved a way for a newer form of terrorist activities that is known anti-abortion violence movement. The abortion controversy has been fraught with violence. Anti-abortion violence is violence committed against

Travis perkins performance in the main market Essay

Travis perkins performance in the main market - Essay Example Also, the trading volume of Travis Perkins became excessively high which established a strong performance of the company. This facilitated the inclusion of the company in FTSE 100. The investment banks invested heavily in Travis Perkins due to its strong financial fundamentals and facilitated a noticeable improvement in the performance levels of the company. This resulted in more and more investors including the private and institutional investors to invest in the shares of the company (Shapiro, 2005, p.121). As a result the share prices of the company went up, the trading volume as well as other performance measure metrics for moving into the FTSE 100 became extensively improved. The valuation of the stocks of Travis Perkins went up due to the high support from the investment bankers. As a result of all these factors, Travis Perkins could easily enter into the main index from the FTSE 250. The Board of Directors of Travis Perkins was extremely efficient in terms of strategic management, succession planning as well as risk management. The Board of Directors of Travis Perkins implemented corporate governance practices and management strategies which influenced better performance of the company. The different corporate restructuring processes followed by the management of the company resulted in the increase in the investor attractiveness for the company (Jennings, 2001, p.4). This resulted in a high volume of trading for the shares of Travis Perkins. The performance levels of the company were improved and the company became financially stronger which influenced the investors to invest their money in the stocks of Travis Perkins. The FTSE 100 includes the top 100 companies measured by the capitalization factor. Whereas the FTSE 250 include the next 250 companies, measured by capitalization in the United Kingdom Market (Fay, 2006, p.114). There may be four different stock movements between the two indexes. These include: The stocks of Travis Perkins displayed

Is intelligent design science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is intelligent design science - Essay Example Scientists believe that the invention of Higgs boson may be useful in predicting the base particle of life. Human being is considered to be made of three things; body, mind and spirit though experimentally not proved. After death a person’s body will be destroyed; but what will happen to the mind and spirit? Even though science and technology has advanced a lot, still it was not able to decode the secrets of life. Even the science and technology do not know where our spirit lies or what type of forces is driving us. Earth is not a permanent place for us and hence what all we received from the earth need to be disposed here itself before going for another mission at another place. In other words the material things which were acquired from the earth will not help us in our future assignment. Science has so far failed in predicting the origin our spirit or soul. It doesn’t know from where it comes and where it goes. Intelligent design is a new branch of knowledge originated in America recently which says that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, rather than a natural selection. â€Å"The idea that an organism’s complexity is evidence for the existence of a cosmic designer was advanced centuries before Charles Darwin was born.† (Milner & Maestro) Physicians explain various functions of body while psychologists concentrate on the activities of mind. But nobody knows much about the soul or spirit though everybody agrees that it is the spirit which drives us in this material world. After death what happens to the spirit? Only the religions studied about the features of spirit and they have their own explanations about the future of spirit on the basis of the good and evil committed during the life in earth. Religions believe that those who engaged in good activities during the stay on earth will get salvation after death while others will be punished by God. Intelligent design

Project Specification and Design Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project Specification and Design Report - Essay Example For example, the risk affiliated with definite types of instrumentation making it non- workable to have the instrumentation established in an administrative center. this is the method that is used to decrease the entire quantity of corporal break, damage or hammering that consequences in an accidental failure. They may be in the appearance of supervising and direct procedures or more dependable operational processes, or merely by budding and carrying out plans to manage commotion usage.( Robert C. et al 2003 pg. 289) A risk dominance procedure that regards the contract variable of a wholesome risk from one festivity to another. For example, the buy of an indemnity plans, by which a precise risk of thrashing is approved from the customer to the insurance company. Other examples are cleaving to nontoxic articles in many declarations, legal agreement demands to offer assurance reporting for another party's assistance, and insurance. How to alleviate the threat: undertaking the lowest fee, display revisit on asset (ROI), put in cost with additional services, be paid for a headship position in your business, and recommend installment defrayals. How to alleviate the threat: present a test time to experiment the manufactured goods or service; illustrate even or close in a race or competition or comparison; come along with standard dealer lists; associate with existing dealer or generate premeditated alignments; and suggest level reduction in price. Professional risk. How will this conclusion have an effect on specialized position in the eyes of others, and how might vocation and individual improvement be exaggerated How to alleviate the threat: suggest customer recommendations and acknowledgments, propose an elevated level of data for decision-making, tutor aspects on how to advertise the clarification to higher administration, and meet up with all fundamental persons and decision-makers. Security plan to guarantee exchange of information: Concentrate on consequences, not chronologies. Even though it's frequently intelligent to extend to five year plan for

(Argument of Definition)Japan is a western country Essay - 1

(Argument of Definition)Japan is a western country - Essay Example In medicine, research mainly involves interactions with living things such as human subjects and therefore there is great need to have knowledge of ethical issues in medical research. This ensures that study subjects are treated well and that no harm begets them in the course of a study. When dealing with human subjects, researchers should make sure that risk levels are minimal to prevent any harm. Human subjects, should be handled like normal human beings and not just like mere study subjects. In a bid to reduce risk levels, federal laws have clauses protecting human subjects for the federal funded projects. The clauses insist that risk levels should be equivalent to results expected (Brown, Anderson, Chervin, Kushida, Lewin, Malow, Redline, and Goldman, 2011, p.1). This implies that study subjects should not be exposed to extremely high risks for research projects that only have little significance. In a bid to prevent harm to human subjects, use of placebos is allowed under special conditions. Use of placebos should not be used for all studies but only to the studies that have no proven alternative study approach. However, in some cases the risk levels may pose a challenge to determine and are therefore not known. This implies that there is no certainty of the risks involved for that particular study. In such a scenario use of placebos may be recommended in order to reduce harm chances. However, this does not mean that placebos are always the chosen option in all such cases. Other methods such as use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in disease processes associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may be preferred depending on the nature of the study. Nevertheless, this methods are followed by strict instructions that involve keeping human subjects from participating in all activities that pose risks. For example, under CPAP, human subjects at high risks of car crashes due to sleepiness may be advised not to drive when feeling even

Advertisement gone too far Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertisement gone too far - Essay Example Many young girls are negatively affected by the increased sexualisation and objectification of women a factor that makes them try to imitate the models that appear in advertisements. Many companies have relied on highly sexualised advertisements to promote their products. For example, the American Apparel has a long history of sexualizing women in their advertisements. This paper will carry out a critical analysis of how women have been sexualized and objectified and how the American Apparel notoriously represented sexualized women as they promoted their products. The globe has witnessed an entire century of women depicted in the advertisement. The first depiction of a woman in the advertisement was in 1912 during the suffrage movement. During that era, many women activists advocated for their rights to vote. Marketers and advertisers sought to use the campaigns to their advantage. Therefore, they depicted women in the promotion of the Nebo cigarettes. The advertisements targeted men who were commonly disgusted or offended by the â€Å"sass† of a suffragette. The same advertisement was also appealing to women who wanted to indulge in smoking for the first time. Therefore, the advertisement supported the push for women to have equal rights. In 1923, Listerine launched an advertisement that featured a model named Edna. In its bid to promote the mouthwash, the advertisement emphasized that all women wanted to get married. However, factors, factors such as bad breath prevented them from becoming the bride. In 1925, women promoted the lucky cigarettes. Notably, smoking was still viewed as a habit for men and women who smoked were viewed negatively (Yan, Ogle, & Hyllegard 2010, p. 213). However, the Lucky Company focused on developing cigarettes that specifically targeted women. 1936 marked the emergence of the first nude woman in an advertisement for the Woodbury Soap. The Woodbury advert marked a new beginning that would see more and more

Response Paper (The American Revoltion in Indian Country Essay

Response Paper (The American Revoltion in Indian Country - Essay Example demonstrates how Native American were able to pursue different strategies as they went through difficult experiences but were able to uphold their legacy Colin Calloway writes that, "The Revolution marked an emphatic divergence between the Cherokees and their colonial neighbors as the warriors of both societies "took control of the path. This illustrate the lateness that was at hand because the Cherokee involvement in the revolutions was not a simple sign but it proved a powerful, durable and the same time usable image. The clamor kept on growing especially in the 19th century on how to remove the Cherokees from their only remaining lands, although there were the strong peace efforts emanating from the village headsmen way back before the war, during the war, combined role that was played by the Chota as well as the new societies which were built from the outcome ruins of the war were not listened to but ignored. All this was in the favor of what was termed as memory of Cherokee antagonism in the revolution. Therefore, the Cherokee had the responsibility again to begin afresh the practice of rebuilding their lives and homes past Miss issippi. When the fighting came to an end due to the revolution it was very difficult for the Cherokees because they were like orphans, they were without a place completely in the universe. Because of the repercussion of the war, their population was affected drastically which led to serious drop of about 10,000 in number only and at the same time lost their homelands which was estimated to be around three-quarters as well as hunting grounds and towns were destroyed. The revolutions grouped lower towns to be Chickamauga while those who remained neutral kept on dividing the Cherokee. Their cultural framework was affected so much which disrupted the harmony which existed amongst the Cherokee wellbeing in relation to their spiritual world. This caused a lot of disorder everywhere. Thousands of Cherokees were forced under prevailing

A Balanced Chemical Equation by Experiment Essay Example for Free

A Balanced Chemical Equation by Experiment Essay Introduction The purpose is to use the mole relationships to prove the validity of the balanced chemical equation and that the final product of the experiment would confirm the balanced equation. The hypothesis made is that the experiment would in fact confirm the balanced equation. This is because, by balancing the equation two products that do exist are hypothetically formed. By the end of this experiment it will be seen whether the products calcium carbonate and sodium chloride will be made upon mixing calcium chloride and sodium carbonate together. The dependent variables are the amount and the chemical composition of the product formed and the independent variables are the individual amounts of deionized water, calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. Therefore, if calcium chloride and sodium carbonate are mixed together, then the reaction will produce calcium carbonate salt and sodium chloride. Materials * Stirring rod * Electronic balance * Fine filter paper * Deionized water * 2 small beakers * Sodium carbonate * Erlenmeyer flask * Graduated cylinder * Calcium chloride * Safety glasses * Funnel Procedure 1. The groups name was marked in pencil on the rim of the filter paper. 2. The mass of the filter paper was measured and recorded. 3. A clean dry small beaker was put on the electronic balance and was tarred. 2.138 grams of sodium carbonate crystals were added and the exact mass was recorded. 4. A different beaker was then put on the electronic balance and was tarred. 1.040 grams of calcium chloride was added to and the exact mass was recorded. 5. Approximately 25 mL of deionized water was added separately to each of the beakers. Each beaker was stirred with different ends of a stir rod until the solids were dissolved. 6. The calcium chloride solution was poured into the sodium carbonate solution. 7. The funnel was rested in a tall Erlenmeyer flask and the liquid was poured through into the filter paper which lined the inside of the funnel. This collected the solid. 8. Two separate 10 mL quantities of deionized water was poured through the filter paper. 9. The beakers and stir rods were cleaned and returned to their appropriate places. 10. When dried, the mass of the filter paper and soil was measured and recorded and discarded into the garbage. Results Quantitative Results Na2CO3 2.138 grams CaCl2 1.040 grams Final Substance (Na2CO3 + CaCl2 ) 2.125 grams Filter Paper Qualitative Results Na2CO3 * When mixed with water, foam appeared at the side and the surface of the solution * There was also a white flaky substance that formed CaCl2 * When mixed with water, the solution fogged up with foamy substance at the sides of the solution * Tiny bubble like substance also formed at the side Final Substance (Na2CO3 + CaCl2 ) * When the two substances mixed together, a white powdery precipitate was formed. * The flakes of powder were easily broken down. Calculations Conclusion The initial hypothesis stated can now be proved correct as after completing the experiment, the statement, which stated that the experiment would prove the balanced chemical equation true. As in the balanced equation CaCO3 was formed, this is in fact calcium carbonate, which is the salt that was produced. It is known that a chemical reaction took place because a precipitate was formed, one of the indications of a chemical equation. Also, this is a double displacement reaction. The information given by coefficients in a balanced equation can be understood to represent the relative number of molecules of that substance and as the relative number of moles involved in the reaction. Equations must be balanced because: Law of Conservation of Matter: Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical reaction, so there must be the same number of atoms on both sides of the equation. The mass of all the reactants (the substances going into a reaction) must equal the mass of the products (the substances produced by the reaction). By using the percent yield, the success of the experiment can be determined. The higher the number of the percent yield (closer to 100%) is an indication that the experiment was more successful. The percent yield of this experiment is 99.68% 100.32%, which indicates that the reaction was successful, but the change of 0.32% is also to be noted. This change may have been caused because of incorrect mass data. Possible errors that could have occurred involve an inaccurate measure in mass of the final substance. When pouring the calcium chloride into the sodium carbonate, there was a residue left in the beaker that held the calcium chloride therefore not all of the substance was poured into the sodium carbonate. This also occurred when the final solution was poured through the filter paper. This would have led to a change in the mass data of the initial products to produce the insoluble calcium carbonate salt. Another error that could have occurred includes the fact that the product produced was kept overnight exposed to dust particles which may have mixed with the product and changed the mass data or the chemical composition of it. Also, there may have been impurities within the instruments used to perform the experiment. As other classes also use the same instruments, it can be determined how well they were cleaned and what chemical residue may have been left on the instruments. Modifications to the procedure of this lab that can lead to fewer errors include and more reliable results would be to check the utensils used for the experiment very well and to clean them with a cleaning agent to cancel out the possibilities of chemical residues left on them. Also, leaving the filter paper with the product in an airtight container or other vessel that would allow for steady temperatures and not let any substances in or out of the vessel.

Revolutionizing a Better Era of Technology in the Future of Medicine Essay Example for Free

Revolutionizing a Better Era of Technology in the Future of Medicine Essay Alan Kay states, â€Å"The best way to predict the future is to invent it yourself† (qtd. in Garreau 88). Many Americans ponder what the future might hold. Will technology bring a new era to mankind or will it be the end to all eternity? Ray Kurzweil, inventor of the year by MIT, argues â€Å"he is convinced that medicine is moving sufficiently fast; therefore, any person who can stay healthy for the next 20 years may so benefit from the explosion in biological technology as to be immortal† (Garreau 90-91). With the advancements of medical technology continuing to climb, this quote illustrates that the future will make for a better world. Organizations such as The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency known as DARPA, The Continuous Assisted Performance known as CAP, and The National Science Foundation fund studies that demonstrate how genetic engineering will impact America’s future by developing a bigger, better, stronger individual (Garreau 19-35). Each day as the advancements of technology doubles, the world will soon not worry about diseases and health; everyday gene technology will better our minds, bodies, and most future generations, thus making the â€Å"Heaven Scenario†. In the Article â€Å"Gene Technology and Tissue Engineering† Andree, department of Plastic and Surgery, Freiburg University Hospital, states â€Å"Gene therapy is based on the concept for certain proteins or polypeptides into a cell and, thus, may be used for potential modulation of t issue. Genes can be delivered using either an in vitro approach, and with viral or non-viral vectors. Genes may therefore be stable, or transiently expressed by the cells† (93). This fact illustrates the concept of genetic manipulation and how each cell is expressed. Both Rob DeSalle, Ph.D. in Division of Invertebrates, and Michael Yudell, MPH in Molecular Laboratories, summarize that the study of Genomics will have a major impact in medical services. If doctors knew how to discover someone’s exact diseases, then they can transform and improve those cells to stop in in its act (117-118). With the help from DARPA and CAP and the study and treatments  of Gene therapy, Americans’ will soon find themselves living longer and healthier lives. DARPA funded by Michael Goldbatt, is one of the world’s foremost drivers of human enhancement (Garreau 19). Their vision is to â€Å"accelerate the future into being† (Garreau 21). DARPA help fund the computer mouse, graphics, weather satellites, and many other technologies (Garreau 25). One independent agency that works strongly with DARPA is CAP managed by John Carney (Garreau 28). CAPs advanta ge over DARPA is the laboratory. One idea that they are studying is â€Å"finding an enzyme that appears only in bacteria but not in us. It might exist only for a brief time in the bacteria, but without it, that life form cannot exist. Then you attack it† (Garreau 28-30). Organizations such as DARPA and CAP strive to make unstoppable human beings. For instance, take the well-developed movie Gattaca which came to theaters in 2010 and was about a man that manipulates his DNA to hide his identity to be a more advanced, genetically engineered, human being. No one is capable of stopping him from becoming a better meaningful species to society. Most Americans strive to build themselves up to become the best they can be. Americans study the use of DNA manipulation in bodies and cells to help fight off diseases and illnesses such as the common cold or flu. Goldblatt proclaims, â€Å"We do not fear the unknown, and we relish exploring the unknowable† (Garreau 19). Americans should be more like this quote and strive to become the best species that has ever existed. DARPA is studying a vaccine that will help in pain management. Such vaccines will make milestones in terms of medicine. If someone is hurt they will feel the first trigger of pain but the pain will soon subside (Garreau 19-28). This pain vaccine will have many benefits to Americans dealing with diseases and to society. The National Science Foundation believed in the â€Å"Heaven Scenario†: They predicted in 10-20 years the world will evolve much better. Wearable sensors will enhance every person’s awareness of his or her health condition, environ ment, chemical pollutants, potential hazards, and information of interest about local business, natural resources, and the like. The human body will be more durable, healthy, energetic, easier to repair, and resistant to many kinds of stress, biological threats, and aging process, and technologies will compensated for many physical and mental disabilities and will eradicate altogether some handicaps that have plagues the lives of millions of people. (qtd. in Garreau 112-113) This statement  unveiled a world where technology advancements will mature in a way that Americans are capable of being healthier and happier individuals. The effects of genetic engineering impacts the future by manipulating genes to help Americans live longer. Enzo Russo and David Cove, authors of Genetic Engineering: Dreams and Nightmares, tell a brief story about a little girl that was suffering from a disease called Severe Combined Immune Deficiency. â€Å"She was the first known human being to be treated using gene therapy†¦After two years of therapy, this young girl was able to attend school normally, to swim, dance, ice skate with her family and friends† (117-118). With this example it substantially shows the achievements of Gene Therapy and how Americans greatly benefit from them. Children will have the privilege to go out and play or do whatever else their little imagination wants to do so they can be just like every other child. If doctors had a way to catch or see a disease before it overtakes someone’s body then they would be able to do something about it. Jacobs, consultant genetic counsellor Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, believes â€Å"Early identification of individuals with, or at risk of, hereditary disease can make a difference to patients and families in terms of accessing genetic services, early detection and risk-reducing measures. Several clinical guidelines recomm end undertaking family history assessment in clinical setting† (Jacobs, Chris, Christine 38). Jacobs also states that â€Å"Recognizing when off spring may be at risk of genetic condition such as cystic fibrosis, Duschenne muscular dystrophy or Huntington’s disease, can help couples to make choices about prenatal testing and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. These procedures increase the possibility of a healthy baby and reduce the risk of passing the mutation to future generations† (Jacobs, Chris, Christine 38). With this possibility, think of how it will make a new era to mankind. Parents no longer have to worry about unborn babies and whether they will have the same disease as their ancestors. Another person that was influenced by Gene Therapy is Gregory Stock. Stock, director on Medicine, Technology, and society at the school of medicine of California, proclaims â€Å"In the future Americans will benefit from using ‘Artificial Chromosomes’. Future generations will be able to switch out one or two chromosomes that may be transferring diseases with a stronger chromosome† (qtd. in Garreau 116-117). There are many believers of the â€Å"Heaven Scenario† although all the outcomes  might not be the same. Ray Kurzweil, who was granted the national medal of technology, was the inventor of the â€Å"Heaven Scenario.† He stated â€Å"is there is no problem or challenge that there [is not] an idea to overcome that problem† (qtd. in Garreau 115). This statement argues that no matter how difficult something might proclaim to be, there will always be a new improved way to get thru. In terms of medicine, there will always be new inventions of t echnology and drugs that will make a better advancement then the former. No matter what the statistics say technology will always have an astonishing outcome. If Americans’ had the opportunity to formulate themselves at a higher level of humanity then why not go for it? (Garreau 115) Most Americans’ dream that one day the world will be a heavenly place for all humanity. With the advancements of new medical technology doubling and continuing to climb up this progressive ladder, Americans’ soon will be bigger, stronger, and healthier individuals. The inventions of new drugs, either injected or manipulated into genes, will influence making the outcome of the â€Å"Heaven Scenario† true. If more organizations like previously stated DARPA and CAP continue to find new ways of implementing and then attacking infections and disease: Americans’ will live much longer non-stressful lives. Imagine the outcome of waking up clear headed and pain free with no worries in sight. Future generations will have the knowledge and ability to know when a bad enzyme links on and attacks cells; furthermore, being able to stop the infection before it explodes and travels thru DNA. It will be a new era to mankind. Americans will be able to determine and choose ho w their children turn out. Children will be healthier and live longer lambent lives. Like my opening quote â€Å"the best way to predict the future is to invent it yourself.† Negative controversies about technology being the end of mankind should not influence Americans into not believing in the â€Å"Heaven Scenario,† thus sit back and watch the never ending achievements and outcomes of Gene therapy transmute the world into a better brighter norm. Works Cited Andree, C., et al. â€Å"Gene Technology and Tissue Engineering.† Minimally Therapy Allied Technologies 11.3 (2002): 93-99. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 March 2014. DeSalle and Michael Yudell. Welcome To The Genome: A User’s Guide to Genetic Past, Present, and Future. Canada: John Wiley Sons. Inc., 2005. Print. Garreau, Joel. Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies- and What It Means to Be Human. New York: Random House, 2005. Print. Jacobs, Chris, and Christine Patch. â€Å"Identifying Individuals Who Might Benefit From Genetic Services And Information.† Nursing Standard. 28.9 (2013): 37-42. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 March 2014. Russo and David Cove. Genetic Engineering: Dreams and Nightmares. Oxford New York Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print.

Models of Lesson Planning for Mathematics

Models of Lesson Planning for Mathematics Introduction Planning the word it contains more weightage as compared to any other word. We can only achieve any target often a proper planning strategy. In planning what is target to achieve is our goal with the available resources. Planning also plays an important role in teaching-learning process. While, doing a proper planning in teaching the class environment got relaxed, teacher enjoys the teaching because the atmosphere as well the situations are properly arranged. By doing an intelligent planning a teacher avoids frustrations. Classroom transactions are also got smooth by using the strategies in a proper manner. Planning for Instructional Process Need for Planning Teaching occupies the central core of your life as a teacher. The teaching includes instruction in classroom tutorials, laboratory, workshops, and excursions, etc. Where teaching is not just an activity to transfer the education to the student but it involves modification in the behavior of the student. While planning, teacher must keep in mind the emphasis may be given to equal Weightage to all the content, not that one should given more focus and other is ignored completely. Presentation of material in a logical, systematic, and effective way The planning must cover the adequate coverage of subject matter The objective may be achieved in the given time The time factor and effort must be low and relevant The strategies must involve maximum development of child in minimum resources Advantages of Planning Planning means systematic organization of subject matter, better utilization and proper presentation of the resource: It fosters self-confidence and pride in our work The aids are properly explained and used by teacher Planning for one subject helps in integrating with other subjects A wide development in thinking about teaching is helpful to bring an order of teaching. Strategies for Planning Systematic planning of teaching work requires systematic organization of time in the institution. This could be done on long term and short term basis. Long term Planning: Long term planning may be termed as academic work planning that is it for a whole which is to come yet. List of holidays for schools including restricted, gazettes etc. As well as the different program to be organize by the school in the coming year that is activities to be organized as per the festivals as well as the tour and trips for the students. All teachers are allotted with their concerned subjects to be taught by them for the whole year, so that teachers may frame out their plan according to their need. Such plan give a ordered and fresh look to teaching learning practice in school as it was organized at the beginning. Teachers also plan theory courses as well as for practical activities, projects, and science exhibitions etc. Now we can say that a yearly plan is based on course purpose, course concepts, units, lessons, and evaluation items. Short term Planning: There are the specific activities which are planned by teacher for making their teaching effective which includes framing the lesson plan, use of teaching aid, in between so that the time may be utilized properly while delivering the lesson. Deciding the time limit, appropriate examples, real life incidence, use of appropriate aid all are included in it. Designs of Lesson Planning Defining a Lesson The term lesson is described in many ways by different educationists or teachers. A teacher takes teaching as a job to cover syllabus in the classroom; every class has 6-7 periods in a day (in general, a period runs over 35-40 minutes). A lesson is defined as a blueprint, a guide map, a plan for action. Lesson is a sequencing of teaching acts or events or episode in organized manner to generate a learning environment for our students. The lesson contains topics and sub-topic with necessary contents to be taught to the students in the classroom. Definitions N.L.Bossing in his book â€Å"Teaching in Secondary Schools† proposes the following definition of a lesson plan: â€Å"Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of all achievements to be realized and specific means by which these are to be attained as a result of the activities engaged day to day under the guidance of the teacher.† The Dictionary of Education defines a lesson plan as a teaching outline of the important points of a lesson arranged in the order in which they are to be presented; it may include objectives, questions to be asked, references to materials, evaluation, assignments, etc. Now you must be clear in mind that lesson planning is a product of short term or micro level planning involving: Identification of definite objectives, Selection of appropriate content and activities, Selection of procedures and methods for presentation of the content, Selection of evaluation exercises and Selection of follow up activities, etc. Approaches to Lesson Planning Generally various approaches are used to make a lesson plan. These approaches are Herbartian approach, Unit approach, Evaluation approach, and Project approach. A brief description is provided:- Herbartian Approach is based on apperceptive mass theory of learning. All the knowledge and information is to be given from outside by the teacher because the student is considered similar to a clean slate. For the students, if an old knowledge makes a base for new knowledge (his previous knowledge or experiences), it may be acquired easily and retained for a longer period. Herbart has given five steps:- Introduction, Presentation, Organistation, Comparison, and evaluation. The main focus is on content presentation. Unit Approach of Morrison is based on unit transaction and planning. The Morrison’s lesson plan of teaching is cyclic; Morrison has given five steps for his ‘cyclephase’ of teaching:- Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organisation, and Recitation. Evaluation Approach of B.S. Bloom in evaluation approach, education is objective centered not content centered. The focus in this approach is on objective based teaching and testing. It takes into consideration the learning objectives and teaching methods on the basis of the objectives and to assess learning outcomes. Then, a decision can be taken about objectives of learning are achieved or need to provide the revision. Project approach originated by Dewey and W.H.Kilpatrick stresses on group activity, social activity, self activity, and related to real life experiences. It is a pre-planned work completed by a person or group in social condition. Due to many reasons, it is not necessary that a lesson plan made by a teacher will be successful at every place and time. Many factors influence lesson planning such as Availability of teaching aids, Strength of students in the Class. Composition of the Class (Age wise). School Location (Area wise) The nature of the topic (Medium wise) etc. The list is not enough, few other factors from own experiences can be added. Writing a lesson Plan: Many written lesson plans are used by practicing teachers. A teacher needs some information about the class, students and their background before to attempt the lesson plan. In general, a Macro Lesson plan is divided into many stages/steps. We had introduced the approaches of lesson planning. Now, one can write a macro lesson plan based on different approaches. HERBARTIAN APPROACH The steps are given below: General information: regarding the topic, sub-topic, subject, time, class, and age level of children. Instructional Objectives (General Objectives and Specific Objectives): We know that at different grade levels, all subjects have general objectives, and specific objectives are written in behavioural terms. Specific Objectives focuses on the expected outcomes of teaching and the topic in a given time period. These specific objectives also known as instructional objectives, which are observable and measurable. It is required to identify the behavioural objectives and state these objectives in a clear and simple language. Instructional Aids: The development of a new lesson plan is based on the standard and knowledge of students. Instructional are used by the teacher to make understand the chapter or topic easily. One picture delivers the message of thousand words. Teacher assumes that the previous knowledge of students related to the content can test and teaching will become easy through aids. Introduction: in this step topic is introduced mainly through introductory questions or by creating the appropriate situations. New knowledge or information of students is linked with their previous knowledge by assuming and testing. Presentation: In presentation the ways of relevant content is presented. A teacher develops the lesson Plan by asking many questions and receiving responses presented by the students’. Students’ response helps the teacher for further presentation of the content. The presentation stage is interactive in the real classroom situation. It depends on teachers’ communication and teaching skills like questioning, explaining, giving demonstration and providing reinforcement on desirable student behaviour. Recapitulation: This step helps the teacher to find out the extent of learning that occurs during instruction. The teacher does this by asking several questions. This stage provides feedback to the teacher about the teaching learning process. Blackboard summary: In the classroom during the instruction, the board is used by the teacher to write the teaching points, summary and explanations. Board is used simultaneously when lesson is being delivered in the classroom. Home Assignment: At last, in the end of the teaching session, thought provoking, suitable questions or activities must be planned and given to the students. It gives a chance of revision or practice to the students. Home assignment also gives an opportunity to students to assimilate, whatever they have learned. 3. EVALUATION APPROACH The design of lesson plan according to this approach consists of three aspects: Input, Process and Output. Input: It contains the identification of objectives in behavioral terms. These are known as Expected Behavioural Outcomes (EBOs). During this the entering behavior of the learners is also identified. With the help of instructional objectives, the sequence of instructional procedure is determined. These objectives are classified into four categories: Knowledge, Understanding, Application and Creativity. These objectives can be transformed in behavioural terms. Process: This is an interactive stage when teacher actually communicating with students in the classroom. For effective presentation of the content, teacher has to choose different teaching strategies, audio-visual, and all support materials. Output: This aspect of instructional procedure refers to real learning outcomes (RLOs). This is equivalent to terminal behaviour which is measured by using oral and written questions. This aspect is considered for measuring of the desirable change in behaviour of students. Illustration of Lesson Plan Format of Presentation: Effective teaching needs proper planning, transaction in the classroom and feedback. Practically there are three stages of a planned lesson: Pre-active, Interactive, and Post- Active. Pre-active stage is a stage of planning before going to the classroom. The Interactive stage is a stage of interaction between teacher and students in the real classroom situation. Post active stage is a stage of self evaluation of our teaching work. There is not be a single format for writing a lesson plan because it varies from teacher to teacher and subject to subject, the only thing which can be suggested is that it should be a well-organised structure, it follows basic fundamental parts of a lesson. Some of the formats based on different approaches to lesson planning. Teachers’ are free to make changes according to the objectives you plan to achieve and the nature of the subject etc. (i) Herbartian Lesson Plan Format Subject: Date: Unit: School: Topic: Class: Duration: Period: General Objectives: Specific Objectives: Teaching Aids: Method: Previous Knowledge: Introduction: Statement of the Topic/Aim: Presentation or Development of the Lesson: OR Recapitulation: Black Board Summary: Home Assignment: Reference: Note: Order of S. No. 1 to 5 may be changed according to your needs. In presentation/development objectives, teaching-learning activities and evaluation are in relation to particular teaching point/content. If evaluation of students learning is done for each teaching act/episode, then you may ignore recapitulation at the fag end of the lesson. Black board summary should be developed as the lesson progresses. ii) Blooms or Evaluation Lesson Plan Format Subject: Date: Unit: School: Lesson: Class: Duration: Specific Objectives: Previous Knowledge: Introduction: Statement of the Topic/Aim: Presentation: 6) Evaluation: 7) Home Work: 8) References: Note The objectives are to be written in behavioural terms. The teaching activities are to be related to the learning structures. Black Board Summary should be developed as the lesson progresses. iii) RCEM Lesson Plan Format Date: Subject: School: Unit: Class: Topic/Lesson: Duration: Concepts : Teaching Aids : Previous Knowledge : Introduction: Statement of the Aim/Topic : Presentation: Black Board Summary: Home Assignment: References: Note RCEM is Regional College of Education, Mysore. Concepts are to be identified through content analysis. Black Board Summary to be developed as the lesson progresses. Characteristics of Lesson Plan You may plan your lesson based on any format discussed above, but a good lesson plan must have following characteristics: It must be flexible; Its contents are organized in the light of attainable objectives; It is rich with respect to students activities and evaluation exercises; It has link with the previous and future lesson; It includes relevant home assignment and activities for students.

Twisted :: essays research papers

Twisted Audience: General Audience / Instructor Purpose: Literary work To explain how a tornado can affect a family. Thesis Sentence: Although an event may be traumatic it is not necessarily life changing. Outline: I. Describe the setting A. Where / When B. What was heard 1. What did the tornado sound like 2. How did parents direct us C. What was seen 1. How did the storm look 2. What did the tornado look like II. What was on the farm A. House B. Storm Cellar C. Animals D. Trees E. Newly plowed and planted fields III. Where did we go A. Root cellar B. Neighbor III. What did the tornado do A. To the farm B. To the family I guess everyone experiences at least one terrifying event in his or her lifetime. How we assimilate the event shapes our attitudes, or maybe vice-versa. It can become the catalyst that lead, to phobias; sometimes it even earns itself a fancy title with â€Å"syndrome† attached to the end of it. I just call it a memory, but one I shared with eight other people. In a north central Indiana cornfield, not far from Indianapolis, my father returned to his chores in the field after a brief rain shower had passed. The edge of an enormous thunderstorm, laced with brilliant lightning, had passed overhead and it seemed as if the worst of the storm was over. Life was not easy on the fertile soil of Wabash County, Indiana, on May 25, 1966. For my family, life was about to become even harder. A muffled roar in the distance grew louder and sharper. As dad began to move toward the house, he realized that the low, indistinct form in the distance was not rain or a patch of fog. It was a rotating transparent funnel, beneath a dark mass of cloud. It extended from under the southwest corner of the thunderstorm. An occasional snake-like form would briefly appear within the cloud, and then suddenly vanish. It was coming directly toward our farm. The next time he looked, three or four contorted and transparent columns would briefly circle the center of what looked like a patch of swirling mist. The cloud looked nothing like the thin funnels and ropes that we had seen in the distance every few years. Dad now ran at full speed for the house, trying with each breath to shout "Twister!" Within the next few seconds, nine people would make life or death decisions about self-preservation, about prized possessions, and about family members. The rotating cloud had changed from transparent mist to a solid brown mass, at the edge of the newly

Creating Energy from Deuterium - Tritium Fusion Essay -- Alternative E

Deuterium-Tritium Fusion Abstract The energy crisis is upon us. Fossil fuels are expected to be totally depleted within the next ten to fifty years. We need an energy source that can consistently output lots of energy and be easily operated. Deuterium-Tritium fusion appears to be the best and most effective way to produce energy. By fusing the two isotopes of Hydrogen in to the heavier element Helium large quantities of energy are released. D-T fusion is the safest form of fusion, producing no waste and no harmful radioactive atoms. As long as there is available Deuterium and Tritium, we have an effective way to solve the energy crisis. Introduction The sun generates its energy by fusing hydrogen atoms, which give off large amounts of energy. However, scientists believe that the sun long ago fused Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, because it was a more easily achieved fusion.( Conventional Fusion FAQ, May 2007) Deuterium-Tritium fusion is soon to be one of the most effective and efficient ways to produce energy. A normal hydrogen atom has only one proton in its nucleus, but deuterium is a hydrogen atom with one neutron and one proton, a tritium atom consists of two neutrons and one proton. Deuterium is also known as "heavy water" because it forms D-O-D. (Wikipedia, 2007) Figure 1 Three isotopes of Hydrogen Deuterium-Tritium Fusion 3 Heavy water has already been incorporated into modern nuclear reactors. Some Canadian reactors, such as CANDU, are using deuterium to moderate the heat of the reactors: however, the fusion of deuterium and tritium is still being researched. There have been few experiments on the fusion of Deuterium and Tritium. In 1952 Mike Ivy shot the first hydrogen bomb made with deuterium liquid. Th... .../hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fusion.html Uranium Energy Corp, (2006). Uranium. Retrieved July 30, 2007, Web site: http://www.uraniumenergy.com/uranium/ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (July 26 2007). Deuterium. Retrieved July 30, 2007, Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (July 26 2007). Tritium. Retrieved July 30, 2007, Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (July 26 2007). Nuclear Fusion. Retrieved July 30, 2007, Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (July 26 2007). Ocean. Retrieved July 30, 2007, Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (July 26 2007). Timeline of Nuclear Fusion. Retrieved July 30, 2007, Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: An Analysis :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Handmaid's Tale The novel, The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood focuses on the choices made by the society of Gilead in which the preservation and security of mankind is more highly regarded than freedom or happiness. This society has undergone many physical changes that have led to extreme psychological ramifications. I think that Ms. Atwood believes that the possibility of our society becoming as that of Gilead is very evident in the choices that we make today and from what has occured in the past. Our actions will inevitably catch up to us when we are most vulnerable. "We are for breeding purposes..There is supposed to be nothing entertaining about us, no room is to be permitted for the flowering of secret lusts..We are two-legged wombs, that's all: sacred vessels, ambulatory chalices (p. 176)." In the society of Gilead, the most highly valued aspect of life is giving birth to a healthy child without deformities. Gilead was the aftermath of a nuclear world war (or some type of chemical mishap involving most of the world). As a result of this, some women and men are left sterile and unable to increase the significantly decreased population. The women who are fertile are placed in institutions where they are trained in the process of pregnancy and child bearing, those who are not are left to die in areas with concentrated radiation. This society has undergone a change so extraordinary that it has taken us from one extreme to the next, leaving many people wondering what happened to make it so. The things that were most highly honored and respect are now treated with disdain. These changes were not all detrimental but the majority of them we could have done without. Ms. Atwood poses that humankind has a nature to develope, whether that development is for the empowerment or destruction of our society is unknown until the consequences take place. "I used to think of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplishment of my will...There were limits, but my body was nevertheless lithe, single, solid, one with me...Now the flesh arranges itself differently. I'm a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping (p.

Workplace Honesty: Learning and Unlearning

Honesty is a virtue that is of major importance especially in business, yet very much neglected in the context of today’s rat race. Employees play a big role in uplifting the culture of honesty in their workplaces, a culture that is nevertheless radiated to the clients or end-users of the company’s offerings. But what if the employees are having problems with their own attitudes toward honesty? What can a company do to help maintain a culture of trust and trust worthiness among the employees, the management, and the customers as a whole? Who wins when a company wins over the battle for an honest corporate culture?This was the problem of Gerald Sy. Managing a training institution, Sy discovered that his instructors were cheating him on their timekeeping, costing him big sums for a long time because he was paying the instructors in full despite rampant tardiness. Sy moved against the problem and devised a process of accounting the instructor’s timekeeping even if i t meant additional work for him and additional time needed on his timeframe to process the salaries.As if that was not enough, he also ruled an 11-tardiness per month standard wherein whoever fails to meet the regulation shall be dismissed. This showed that it was not the money that the company can save from deductions which was important. On the contrary, it was the standards of the company, and how the employees uphold it, and how the final service is perceived by the customers. Sy expects that the measure will work, and is ready to evaluate if it really did.Dishonesty in Many FormsThere are many forms of dishonesty in the workplace. Most are as petty as stealing a paper clip from one’s officemate (no one saw anyway) or breaking down the coffee machine and not admitting it (it could be broken before I used it, I would not really know). It was easy to be dishonest in the workplace because people often mind their own businesses while at the peak of work. No one will ever both er to watch after an officemate making coffee to see if he will break the machine at some chance.Steven Gaffney, the writer behind Honesty Works!, states that it is not only lies and dishonesty that costs companies most of its revenues. He insists that the mere fact that many employees cannot honestly communicate with each other has wasted time, money and effort of employees and businesses. (Newswise, 2005) When a worker avoids a confrontation about an operational flaw with a co-worker to avoid conflict, the flaw will stay unresolved and may even result in bigger loopholes.Small lies also often lead to bigger dishonesties that are harder to get away with. Personnel who steal equipment from their companies, or money, or even work hours are nothing new in many workplaces. They are so common, yet they still do not fail to surprise. Some get away, yet some are caught to pay the big price of cheating. The problem with honesty, or the lack thereof, is that it becomes vicious. The more a p erson commits a work of dishonesty and gets away with it, the harder it is to be honest. The bottom line is how to end the vicious cycle.Can Honesty be Taught?From a young age, almost every child is taught basic values that are essential for living. One of these values is honesty. It is easier for children to understand its value, and when they learn it they often grow with it. Michael Daigneault agrees. However, he states that factors affecting the workplace, such as workplace pressure and competition, will require a person to have bedrock values to maintain righteousness. Otherwise, he will be tempted to sway away from childhood-learned ethics. (HR Magazine, 1999)Rigterink and Louzecky (n.d.) also concludes that virtue can be taught but do not agree that it should be taught as other academic subjects are taught. Moderation, they said is an important key. Teaching honesty, the authors propose, should convert the subjects into thinkers, analyzing the absorption of the value and its advantages before really absorbing it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They assert that doing so will instill the value into the subjects more than when it is taught outright.End of the GameIf honesty like other values can not be taught in its simplest sense, how then can companies promote honesty? First, we should consider how a virtue is instilled. Fact is, ethics is not automatically learned. You can tell a hardened criminal to change his ways and there are chances that he will, but given a chance to strike a crime again there is definitely a slim chance for him to decline the opportunity.Thus, virtues are imbibed through practice. As aforementioned, the more a person practices the act of honesty the stronger it stays within his values and the harder it is to break. On the same way, the more a person cheats the harder for that person to be honest and break from the bondage of lies.The management is the best venue for a company to start promoting honesty. A company needs to be led by honest b oard of directors, managers, supervisors, team leaders, however the heads are called. If the top of the pyramid is governed by upright people, it is easier for the leaders to impose rules on moral values to the base of the pyramid. Honesty in this level may be showed by transparent management of funds, upfront and realistic relations with the subordinates, and open communication lines.A boss of a company who is married and is caught by his employees cheating on his wife will definitely drive down the morale of his people. His employees will be tempted to resolve in idle talk about him and his affair and forget about work altogether since the boss is not acting very boss-like anyway. Given that that is in a personal level, consider a scenario were the act of a boss’s dishonesty is on a professional scale.For instance, a manager was audited and the auditors discover that he was paying ten people in the payroll whereas there are actually only five people in his department who is actually reporting for work. The event will definitely pull down the confidence and team spirit of the five people in his team. Moreover, the manager himself will lose the drive to work for shame and guilt. Ultimately, it is not the manager or the employees who are the only ones who will suffer. The company as a whole loses considerable work time and revenue, just because of a single act of dishonesty from just one person. It is therefore safe to conclude that honesty is an individual decision that has collective effects.It is also important that the company verbalize subscription to a value. If the management discovers major flaws on dishonesty, the management can choose to make honesty a core value in the company. They will then need to define honesty in the context of their workplace, and define it as specific as possible. Does it mean creatively communicating issues and problems? Does it include choosing not to engage in secrets that may hurt co-employees? How does it affect cl auses on confidentiality?When the management has defined the core value to subscribe to, it is important that they communicate this decision to every person in the company. A general assembly as well as departmental meetings will be a great help. In doing so, an open forum should be encouraged so that questions can be immediately answered and reactions can be resolved.For continuity, it is equally important that people are trained about—not taught on—moral values. From the moment that a person is oriented on the vision, mission, and goals of the company, to the time that he is undergoing annual trainings within the organization, the value system of the company should be stressed and internalized by them. First, it is a good way to make them feel that they belong to the organization. Secondly, it will help them find a basis for actions and decision making processes. Learning good values at work will also make them worthwhile people even if they are out of the workplace, which is important especially because employees represent their companies.The orientation is another good venue for value formation. Each newly hired employee should be made familiar with issues in the company and how the management is resolving them. Values should be highlighted. Thorough discussion on how the management is working against it shall be made and stress that honesty is a very important virtue for anyone wishing to join the company. This will imply the value of such virtue in the company without being popish.Annually, it will help if value system is integrated in annual improvement seminars for employees usually done after evaluation periods. The training should discuss the ethical standards that the company subscribes to, and how each employee is expected to follow through. Lapses shall also be discussed along with solutions that can be done to prevent the occurrence of such ethical issues from arising again.It is still easier said than done. However a company makes efforts on promoting honesty, it is still virtually impossible to create a cheat-free workplace. Even if a company is good, employees will have their own attitudes to live with—employees will always undergo circumstances where they will be pressed on engaging into an act of dishonesty. It is therefore important for a company to follow through and have an open eye to see to it that their core value is being followed and respected for its benefit and for the welfare of its employees and customers.Mission Accomplished?It is hard to be honest in the corporate environment. Oftentimes the ones who are honest are the ones who are left behind, or even smeared with nasty labels and judgments. However, it is important for companies to promote the value of honesty because it greatly affects the company, employees, as well as the customers.If a company succeeds in achieving an honest workplace, the employees can enjoy a harmonious working relationship with each other. This will make them more productive and beneficial for the company. The company, in return, will maximize its potentials and prevent loss of revenue. It may even gain more. An honest workplace also reflects honesty with its customers. As such, customers will feel comfortable in transacting with the company and can become long-term clients.The company should anticipate failure in promoting honesty, though, and should be prepared in making follow-up actions. When failure occurs, an evaluation should be done identifying the weak points of the plan. This will enable determination of follow-up plans and corrective actions to try. Research and study is essential, as well as patience and determination by the company and the proponents of the core value being promoted.ConclusionHonesty is a choice. If the company chooses to be honest, and it can convince its employees to choose to be honest, there is more chance for such culture to exist and benefit the people surrounding the business. While it can be taught, it is still up to every person in the company to use such knowledge. It is therefore important to make them think and realize the value of honesty to them, to their work, and to their clients. After all, it is the best policy.BibliographyHR Magazine. 1999. Teaching business character. Retrieved February 15, 2007Newswise. 2005. Honesty in the workplace sorely lacking. Retrieved February 14, 2007 from http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/516781/Roger, R. Louzecky, D. n.d. Can virtue be taught? If so, should it be thought? Retrieved February 13, 2007

Variable Cost and Contribution Margin

CHAPTER 12 PRICING DECISIONS AND COST MANAGEMENT 12-1The leash major find outs on set decisions be 1. Customers 2. Competitors 3. be 12-2Not necessarily. For a one- judgment of conviction- exclusively limited rule-g both(prenominal) overnedise, the relevant be be further those monetary nurture that provide metamorphose as a result of accept the rank. In this case, right crossing exists pull up stakes seldom be relevant. It is more than likely that everyplaceflowing proceeds gravel up leave be relevant be for long-run set decisions. 12-3Two examples of imp breezement decisions with a brusque-run stress 1. Pricing for a one-time-only finicky identify with no long-term implications. . Adjusting result shuffle and volume in a hawkish commercialiseplace. 12-4Activity- storeyd addressing helps managers in determine decisions in two ways. 1. It gives managers more accu stray product- speak to learning for making determine decisions. 2. It helps managers to manage be during honour design by identifying the approach doctor of eliminating, reducing, or changing different activities. 12-5Two alternative starting points for long-run set decisions be 1. Market- ground pricing, an important form of which is direct pricing.The market-based snuggle asks, Given what our guests want and how our competitors pull up stakes react to what we do, what legal injury should we efflorescence? 2. follow-based pricing which asks, What does it address us to make this product and, hence, what wrong should we charge that pull up stakes reimburse our be and strive a show consequence on postment? 12-6A taper personify per whole is the portendd long-run exist per building block of a product (or usefulness) that, when ex transplant at the organise toll, enables the company to deliver the beloveds the s long tone pited run(a) income per social whole. 2-7Value engineering is a domineering evaluation of summar izely aspects of the value-chain furrow hunts, with the bottom argona of reducing be speckle squ atomic quash 18(a) customer invites. Value engineering via progression in product and process designs is a principal technique that companies use to fulfill tar come damage per social unit of measurement of measurement. 12-8A value-added appeal is a constitute that customers grasp as adding value, or public utility company, to a product or service. Examples argon be of materials, direct industry, tools, and toolry.A nonvalue-added damage is a monetary value that customers do non cover as adding value, or utility, to a product or service. Examples of nonvalue-added court atomic number 18 comprise of re bestow, scrap, expediting, and breakdown cin one casern. 12-9No. It is important to distinguish among when be atomic number 18 locked in and when represent are incurred, be apparent movement it is difficult to alter or turn off be that submit already been locked in. 12-10 bell-plus pricing is a pricing feeler in which managers add a markup to bell in beau monde to determine toll. 2-11Cost-plus pricing methods vary depending on the bases utilize to forecast wrongs. Examples are (a) variant manufacturing be (b) manufacturing function represent (c) versatile product be and (d) dependable product be. 12-12Two examples where the difference in the be of two products or go is ofttimes sm b new(prenominal) than the differences in their prices cost 1. The difference in prices ae calculated for a telephone call, hotel manner, or car renting during busy versus slack periods is often much greater than the difference in be to provide these service. 2.The difference in cost for an airplane seat sold to a passenger motivate on barter or a passenger traveling for joyousness is roughly the same. However, airline companies price discriminate. They routinely charge logical argument travelersthose who are likely to start and complete their travel during the same week excluding the weekenda much higher price than sport travelers who generally stay at their destinations over at least one weekend. 12-13Life- wheel around bud perplexing is an estimate of the r regular(a)ues and cost attri scarcelyable to individually product from its initial R&D to its final examination customer servicing and raise. 2-14Three benefits of utilize a product spirit-cycle reporting format are 1. The amply set of revenues and cost associated with severally product becomes more visible. 2. Differences among products in the voice of conglomeration cost committed at early stages in the life cycle are highlighted. 3. Interrelationships among vocation function cost categories are highlighted. 12-15Predatory pricing occurs when a credit line delibe investly prices below its cost in an effort to drive competitors out of the market and restrict grant, and consequently raises prices rather than amplify engage.Under U . S. laws, dumping occurs when a non-U. S. company sells a product in the get together States at a price below the market value in the country where it is produced, and this visit price materially injures or threatens to materially injure an manufacture in the social united States. Collusive pricing occurs when companies in an industry conspire in their pricing and production decisions to achieve a price higher up the competitive price and so spring trade. 12-16(2030 min. ) Relevant-cost approach to pricing decisions, circumscribed order. . Relevant revenues, $4. 00 ( 1,000$4,000 Relevant be require materials, $1. 60 ( 1,000$1,600 Direct manufacturing fag out, $0. 90 ( 1,000900 variant manufacturing overhead, $0. 70 ( 1,000700 versa cover interchange be, 0. 05 ( $4,000 cc marrow relevant cost 3,400 increment in in operation(p) income$ 600 This calculation assumes that a. The periodic touch on manufacturing overhead of $cl,000 and $65,000 of periodic flash-froze n selling cost volition be unchanged by acceptance of the 1,000 unit order. b.The price charged and the volumes sold to former(a) customers are non affected by the picky order. Chapter 12 uses the phrase one-time-only special order to describe this special case. 2. The professorships argument is defective on at least two counts a. The inclusion body of moot beassuming the monthly mend manufacturing overhead of $150,000 leave behind be unchanged it is irrelevant to the decision. b. The exclusion of relevant cost protean selling be (5% of the selling price) are excluded. 3. Key issues are . Will the existing customer base essential price reductions? If this 1,000-tape order is non independent of other gross revenue, cutting the price from $5. 00 to $4. 00 sewer select a macroscopical negative tack together on complete revenues. b. Is the 1,000-tape order a one-time-only order, or is in that respect the possibility of sales in succeeding months? The fact that the customer is not in Dill Companys general marketing channels does not necessarily mean it is a one-time-only order. Indeed, the sale could nearly open a bare-ass marketing channel.Dill Company should be reluctant to trust only short-run variable be for pricing long-run business. 12-17(2030 min. )Relevant-cost approach to short-run pricing decisions. 1. Analysis of special order Sales, 3,000 units ( $75$225,000 shifting be Direct materials, 3,000 units ( $35$105,000 Direct manufacturing labor, 3,000 units ( $1030,000 uncertain manufacturing overhead, 3,000 units ( $618,000 early(a) variable be, 3,000 units ( $515,000 Sales complaint 8,000 complete variable be 176,000 portion valuation account$ 49,000 bring up that the variable be, except for commissions, are affected by production volume, not sales dollars. If the special order is accepted, in operation(p) income would be $1,000,000 + $49,000 = $1,049,000. 2. Whether McMahons decision to citation full price is corre ct depends on numerous factors. He is incorrect if the qualification would otherwise be idle and if his documental is to increase operate income in the short run. If the offer is rejected, San Carlos, in effect, is automatic to invest $49,000 in immediate gains forgone (an opportunity cost) to defend the long-run selling-price structure.McMahon is correct if he thinks future competition or future price concessions to customers provide hurt San Carloss operating income by more than $49,000. there is likewise the possibility that Abrams could become a long-term customer. In this case, is a price that covers only short-run variable cost adapted? Would Holtz be willing to accept a $8,000 sales commission (as distinguished from her regular $33,750 = 15% ( $225,000) for every Abrams order of this size if Abrams becomes a long-term customer? 12-18(15-20 min. short-run pricing, cogency constraints. 1. Per kggram of to a great extent cease Milk (8 liters pic $2. 00 per lite r) $16 Direct manufacturing labor 5 variant manufacturing overhead 4 quick-frozen manufacturing cost allocated 6 tote up manufacturing cost $31 If Colorado Mountains dairy can get all the Holstein take out it needs, and has sufficient production capacity, whence the negligible price per kilo it should charge for the unassailable stop is the variable cost per kilo = $16 + $5 + $4 = $25 per kilo. 2. If take out is in short supply, then each kilo of warm give up displaces 2 kilos of soft cheese (8liters of milk per kilo of hard cheese versus 4 liters of milk per kilo of soft cheese). Then, for the hard cheese, the minimum price Colorado Mountains should charge is the variable cost per kilo of hard cheese plus the plowshare bank from 2 kilos of soft cheese, or, 25 + (2 pic $10 per kilo) = $45 per kilo That is, if milk is in short supply, Colorado Mountains should not barrack to produce any hard cheese un little the buyer is willing to pay at least $45 per kilo. 12 -19 (2530 min. ) Value-added, nonvalue-added costs. 1. kin Examples Value-added costs a. Materials and labor for regular freshen ups $800,000 Nonvalue-added costs b.Re flow costs $ 75,000 c. Expediting costs caused by work delays 60,000 g. Breakdown maintenance of equipment 55,000 extreme $190,000 aged area d.Materials intervention costs $ 50,000 e. Materials procural and critique costs 35,000 f. Preventive maintenance of equipment 15,000 union $ speed of light,000 Classifications of value-added, nonvalue-added, and canescent area costs are often not clear-cut. Other classifications of some of the cost categories are as well plausible. For example, some students may include materials handling, materials procurement, and inspection costs and preventive maintenance as value-added costs (costs that customers perceive as adding value and as being necessary for good repair service) rather than as in the gray area.Preventive maintenance, for instance, might be regarded as value-added because it helps prevent nonvalue-adding breakdown maintenance. 2. heart and soul costs in the gray area are $100,000. Of this, we assume 65%, or $65,000, are value-added and 35%, or $35,000, are nonvalue-added. organic value-added costs $800,000 + $65,000 $ 865,000 bestow nonvalue-added costs $190,000 + $35,000 225,000 core costs$1,090,000 Nonvalue-added costs are $225,000 ? $1,090,000 = 20. 64% of heart and soul costs.Value-added costs are $865,000 ? $1,090,000 = 79. 36% of tote up costs. 3. feat on Costs Classified as Value- enlargeed Nonvalue- comeed Gray class Area (a) Quality improvement programs to inflict rework costs by 75% (0. 5 ( $75,000) $ 56,250 fasten expediting costs by 75% (0. 75 ( $60,000) 45,000 reduce materials and labor costs by 5% (0. 5 ( $800,000) $ 40,000 keep down effect $ 40,000 $101,250 (b) Working with suppliers to reduce materials procurement and inspection costs by 20% (0. 0 ( $35,000) reduce materials handling costs by 25% $ 7,000 (0. 25 ( $50,000) wide-cut effect 12, viosterol Transferring 65% of gray area costs (0. 5 ( 19,500 $19,500 = $12,675) as value-added and 35% (0. 5 ( $19,500 = $6,825) as nonvalue-added Effect on value-added and nonvalue-added costs $ 12,675 $ 6,825 + 19,500 $ 12,675 $ 6,825 $ 0 (c) upkeep programs to increase preventive maintenance costs by 50% (0. 0 ( $15,000) +$ 7,500 reducing breakdown maintenance costs by 40% (0. 40 ( $55,000) $ 22,000 jazz effect 22,000 + 7,500 Transferring 65% of gray area costs (0. 65 ( $7,500 = $4,875) as value-added and 35% (0. 5 ( $7,500 = $2,625) as nonvalue-added Effect on value-added and nonvalue-added costs +$ 4,875 + 2,625 7,500 +$ 4,875 $19,375 $ 0 congeries effect of all programs $ 47,800 $127,450 Value-added and nonvalue-added costs calculated in requisite 2 Expected value-added and nonvalue-added costs as a res ult of implementing these 865,000 225,000 programs $817,cc $ 97,550 If these programs had been implemented, total costs would meet lessen from $1,090,000 (requirement 2) to $817,200 + $97,550 = $914,750, and the percentage of nonvalue-added costs would decrease from 20. 64% (requirement 2) to $97,550 ? 914,750 = 10. 66%. These are significant improvements in Marinos performance. 12-20(25(30 min. ) marker operating income, value-added costs, service company. 1. The classification of total costs in 2012 into value-added, nonvalue-added, or in the gray area in surrounded by follows ValueGrayNonvalue- congeries workedAreaadded(4) = (1) (2) (3) (1)+(2)+(3)Doing calculations and preparing drawings 77% ? $390,000$300,300$300,300 Checking calculations and drawings 3% ? $390,000$11,70011,700 Correcting errors found in drawings 8% ? $390,000$31,20031,200 Making changes in solvent to client requests 5% ? $390,000 19,50019,500 Correcting errors to meet presidency building mark , 7% ? $390,000 27,300 27,300 entire headmaster labor costs 319,800 11,700 58,500 390,000 Administrative and agree costs at 44% ($171,600 ? $390,000) of lord labor costs cxl,712 5,148 25,740 171,600 Travel 15,000 15,000 Total$475,512$16,848$84,240$576,600Doing calculations and responding to client requests for changes are value-added costs because customers perceive these costs as necessary for the service of preparing architectural drawings. Costs incurred on correcting errors in drawings and making changes because they were inconsistent with building codes are nonvalue-added costs. Customers do not perceive these costs as necessary and would be backward to pay for them. Calvert should seek to eliminate these costs by making sure that all associates are well-informed regarding building code requirements and by training associates to improve the graphic symbol of their drawings. Checking calculations and drawings is in the gray area (some, but not all, checking may be needed ). There is room for disagreement on these classifications.For example, checking calculations may be regarded as value added. 2. decline in superior labor-hours by a. Correcting errors in drawings (8% ? 7,500)600 hours b. Correcting errors to conform to building code (7% ? 7,500) 525 hours Total 1,125 hours Cost savings in professional labor costs (1,125 hours ? $52)$ 58,500 Cost savings in variable administrative and abet costs (44% ? $58,500) 25,740 Total cost savings$ 84,240 Current operating income in 2012$124,650 Add cost savings from eliminating errors 84,240 operational income in 2012 if errors eliminated$208,890 3. Currently 85% ? 7,500 hours = 6,375 hours are bill to clients generating revenues of $701,250.The remaining 15% of professional labor-hours (15% ? 7,500 = 1,125 hours) is deep in thought(p) in making corrections. Calvert bills clients at the rate of $701,250 ? 6,375 = $ cx per professional labor-hour. If the 1,125 professional labor-hours presently not bein g calculate to clients were billed to clients, Calverts revenues would increase by 1,125 hours ? $110 = $123,750 from $701,250 to $825,000 ($701,250 + $123,750). Costs remain unchanged lord labor costs$390,000 Administrative and support (44% ? $390,000) 171,600 Travel 15,000 Total costs$576,600 Calverts operating income would be Revenues$825,000 Total costs 576,600 operating(a) income$248,400 12-21(2530 min. object lens prices, target costs, activity-based costing. 1. peppys operating income in 2011 is as follows Total for 250,000 Tiles Per social unit (1) (2) = (1) ? 250,000 Revenues ($4 ( 250,000) $1,000,000 $4. 00 Purchase cost of roofing tiles ($3 ( 250,000) 750,000 3. 0 Ordering costs ($50 ( 500) 25,000 0. 10 Receiving and storage ($30 ( 4,000) one hundred twenty,000 0. 48 exaltation ($40 ( 1,500) 60,000 0. 24 Total costs 955,000 3. 82 operate income $ 45,000 $0. 18 2. impairment to retailers in 2012 is 95% of 2011 price = 0. 95 ( $4 = $3. 80 cost per ti le in 2012 is 96% of 2011 cost = 0. 96 ( $3 = $2. 88. Snappys operating income in 2012 is as follows Total for 250,000 Tiles Per social unit (1) (2) = (1) ? 250,000 Revenues ($3. 80 ( 250,000) $950,000 $3. 0 Purchase cost of tiles ($2. 88 ( 250,000) 720,000 2. 88 Ordering costs ($50 ( 500) 25,000 0. 10 Receiving and storage ($30 ( 4,000) 120,000 0. 48 Shipping ($40 ( 1,500) 60,000 0. 24 Total costs 925,000 3. 0 operational income $ 25,000 $0. 10 3. Snappys operating income in 2012, if it makes changes in ordering and material handling, will be as follows Total for 250,000 Tiles Per unit (1) (2) = (1) ? 50,000 Revenues ($3. 80 ( 250,000) $950,000 $3. 80 Purchase cost of tiles ($2. 88 ( 250,000) 720,000 2. 88 Ordering costs ($25 ( 200) 5,000 0. 02 Receiving and storage ($28 ( 3,125) 87,500 0. 35 Shipping ($40 ( 1,500) 60,000 0. 4 Total costs 872,500 3. 49 operate income $ 77,500 $0. 31 Through better cost management, Snappy will be able to achieve its target operating income of $0. 30 per tile despite the fact that its revenue per tile has decreased by $0. 20 ($4. 00 $3. 80), while its purchase cost per tile has decreased by only $0. 12 ($3. 00 $2. 88). 12-22 (20 min. ) posterior costs, effect of product-design changes on product costs. 1. and 2.Manufacturing costs of HJ6 in 2010 and 2011 are as follows 2010 2011 Per UnitPer Unit Total (2) = Total (4) = (1)(1) ? 3,500 (3)(3) ? 4,000 Direct materials, $1,200 ? 3,500 $1,100 ? 4,000$4,200,000$1,200$4,400,000$1,100 Batch-level costs, $8,000 ? 70 $7,500 ? 80 560,000 160 600,000 150 Manuf. trading trading operations costs, $55 ? 21,000 $50 ? 22,000 1,155,000 330 1,100,000 275 Engineering change costs, $12,000 ? 14 $10,000 ? 10 168,000 48 100,000 25 Total$6,083,000$1,738$6,200,000$1,550 3. pic= pic ? 90% = $1,738 ? 0. 90 = $1,564. 20 Actual manufacturing cost per unit of HJ6 in 2011 was $1,550.Hence, Medical Instruments did achieve its target manufacturing cost per unit of $1, 564. 20 4. To reduce the manufacturing cost per unit in 2011, Medical Instruments lessen the cost per unit in each of the four cost categoriesdirect materials costs, batch-level costs, manufacturing operations costs, and engineering change costs. It also rock-bottom machine-hours and bend of engineering changes madethe quantities of the cost drivers. In 2010, Medical Instruments used 6 machine-hours per unit of HJ6 (21,000 machine-hours (3,500 units). In 2011, Medical Instruments used 5. 5 machine-hours per unit of HJ6 (22,000 machine-hours ( 4,000 units). Medical Instruments trim engineering changes from 14 in 2010 to 10 in 2011.Medical Instruments achieved these gains through value engineering activities that retained only those product features that customers treasured while eliminating nonvalue-added activities and costs. 12-23(20 min. )Cost-plus target impart on investment pricing. 1. Target operating income = target hand on investment ( invested capital letter Target o perating income (25% of $900,000)$225,000 Total unflinching costs 375,000 Target component part bank$600,000 Target parcel per room- iniquity, ($600,000 ? 15,000) $40 Add variable costs per room-night 5 price to be charged per room-night $45 validation Total room revenues ($45 ( 15,000 room-nights)$675,000 Total costs Variable costs ($5 ( 15,000)$ 75,000 Fixed costs 375,000Total costs 450,000 operating(a) income$225,000 The full cost of a room = variable cost per room + indomitable cost per room The full cost of a room = $5 + ($375,000 ? 15,000) = $5 + $25 = $30 Markup per room = letting price per room adept cost of a room = $45 $30 = $15 Markup percentage as a fraction of full cost = $15 ? $30 = 50% 2. If price is reduced by 10%, the number of dwell Beck could rent would increase by 10%. The bracing price per room would be 90% of $45 $ 40. 50 The number of rooms Beck expects to rent is 110% of 15,000 16,500 The contribution strand per room would be $40. 50 $5$ 35. 5 0 component mete ($35. 50 ( 16,500)$585,750Because the contribution bank of $585,750 at the reduced price of $40. 50 is less than the contribution strand of $600,000 at a price of $45, Blodgett should not reduce the price of the rooms. timbre that the fix costs of $375,000 will be the same under the $45 and the $40. 50 price alternatives and hence, are irrelevant to the analysis. 12-24(20(25 min. )Cost-plus, target pricing, working backwards. 1. Investment$8,400,000 think on investment18% operational income (18% ( $8,400,000)$1,512,000 Operating income per unit of XR500 ($1,512,000 ( 1,500)$1,008 Full cost per unit of XR500 (1,008 ? 0. 09)$11,200 exchange price (($11,200 + $1,008))$12,208 Markup percentage on variable cost ($1,008 ( $8,450)11. 93%Total fixed costs = (Full cost per unit Variable cost per unit) ( Units sold = ($11,200 $8,450) ( 1,500 units = $4,125,000 2. role tolerance per unit = $12,208 $8,450 = $3,758 Increase in sales = $10% ( 1,500 units = 150 units Increase in contribution bound = $3,758 ( 150 units =$563,700 little Advertising costs 500,000 Increase in operating income$ 63,700 Road Warrior should spend $500,000 in advertising because it increases operating income by $63,700. 3. Revenues ($12,208 ? 1,400 units) $17,091,200 Target full cost at 9% markup ($17,091,200 ? 1. 9) $15,680,000 Less Target total fixed costs ($4,125,000 $125,000) 4,000,000 Target total variable costs $11,680,000 Divided by number of units ? 1,400 units Target variable cost per unit $ 8,342. 86 12-25(20 min. ) Life-cycle product costing. 1. pic plowshare margin per unit = sell price Variable cost per unit = $50 $25 = $25 Total fixed costs over = Design fixed costs + ware fixed + marketing and distribution life of robot costs fixed costs = $650,000 + $3,560,000 + $2,225,000 = $6,435,000 BEP in units = pic 2a. Option A Revenues ($50 pic 500,000 units) $25,000,000 Variable costs ($25 pic 500,000 units) 12,500,000 Fixed costs 6,435 ,000 Operating income $ 6,065,000 2b. Option B Revenues Year 2 ($70 pic 100,000 units) $ 7,000,000 historic period 3 & 4 ($40pic600,000 units) 24,000,000 Total revenues 31,000,000 Variable costs ($25 pic 700,000 units) 17,500,000 Fixed costs 6,435,000 Operating income $ 7,065,000 Over the products life-cycle, Option B results in an overall higher operating income of $1,000,000 ($7,065,000 $6,065,000). 12-26(30 min. )Relevant-cost approach to pricing decisions. 1. Revenues (1,000 crates at $117 per crate) $117,000 Variable costs Manufacturing $35,000 market 17,000 Total variable costs 52,000 portion margin 65,000 Fixed costs Manufacturing $30,000 Marketing 13,000 Total fixed costs 43,000 Operating income $ 22,000 Normal markup percentage $65,000 ? $52,000 = 125% of total variable costs. 2. Only the manufacturing-cost category is relevant to considering this special order no redundant marketing costs will be incurred. Variable manufacturing cost per crate = $35,000 ? 1,000 crates = $35 per crate.The relevant manufacturing costs for the 200-crate special order are Variable manufacturing cost per unit $35 ( 200 crates$ 7,000 Special packaging 3,000 Relevant manufacturing costs$10,000 Any price above $50 per crate ($10,000 ? 200) will make a positive contribution to operating income. Therefore, based on pecuniary considerations, Stardom should accept the 200-crate special order at $55 per crate that will scram revenues of $11,000 ($55 ( 200) and relevant (incremental) costs of $10,000. The reasoning based on a simile of $55 per crate price with the $65 per crate absorption cost ignores monthly cost-volume-profit relationships.The $65 per crate absorption cost includes a $30 per crate cost component that is irrelevant to the special order. The relevant range for the fixed manufacturing costs is from 500 to 2,000 crates per month the special order will increase production from 1,000 to 1,200 crat es per month. Furthermore, the special order requires no incremental marketing costs. 3. If the clean customer is likely to remain in business, Burst should consider whether a rigorously short-run focus is appropriate. For example, what is the likelihood of need from other customers increase over time? If Burst accepts the 200-crate special offer for more than one month, it may preclude accepting other customers at prices exceeding $55 per crate.Moreover, the existing customers may learn to the highest degree Bursts willingness to set a price based on variable cost plus a littler contribution margin. The perennial the time compile over which Burst keeps selling 200 crates of canned peaches at $55 a crate, the more likely it is that existing customers will approach Burst for their own special price reductions. If the cutting customer wants the keep down to extend over a longer time period, Burst should negotiate a higher price. 12-27(2530 min. )Considerations other than cost in pricing decisions. 1. Guest nights on weeknights 18 weeknights ? 100 rooms ? 0% = 1,620 Guest nights on weekend nights 12 weekend nights ? 100 rooms ? 20% = 240 Total knob nights in April = 1,620 + 240 = 1,860 Breakfasts served 1,620 weeknight lymph g reduce nights ? 1. 0 = 1,620 240 weekend lymph gland nights ? 2. = 600 Total eats served in April = 1,620 + 600 = 2,220 Total costs for April dispraise $ 20,000 Administrative costs 35,000 Fixed housework and supplies 12,000 Variable housekeep and supplies (1,860 ? $25) 46,500 Fixed eat costs 5,000 Variable breakfast costs (2,220 ? 5) 11,100 Total costs for April $129,600 Cost per leaf node night ($129,600 ? 1,860) $69. 68 Revenue for April ($68 ? 1,860) $126,480 Total costs for April 129,600 Operating income/(loss) $ (3,120) 2. bran-new weeknight guest nights 18 weeknights ? 100 rooms ? 5% = 1,530 in the raw weekend guest nights 12 weeknights ? 100 rooms ? 50% = 600 Total guest nights in April = 1,530 + 600 = 2,130 Breakfasts served 1,530 weeknight guest nights ? 1. 0 = 1,530 600 weekend guest nights ? 2. = 1,500 Total breakfasts served in April = 1,530 + 1,500 = 3,030 Total costs for April disparagement $20,000 Administrative costs 35,000 Fixed housekeeping and supplies 12,000 Variable housekeeping and supplies (2,130 ? $25) 53,250 Fixed breakfast costs 5,000 Variable breakfast costs (3,030 ? $5) 15,150 Total costs $140,400 Revenue (1,530 ? $80) + (600 ? 50) $152,400 Total costs for April 140,400 Operating income $ 12,000 Yes, this pricing system of rules would increase operating income by $15,120 from an operating loss of $3,120 to an operating income of $12,000 ($12,000 + $3,120 = $15,120). 3. The weeknight guests are business travelers who receive to stay at the hotel on weeknights to conduct business for their organizations. They are in all probability not paying personally for their hotel stays, and they are mo re interested in the hotels location in the business lay than the price of the stay, as long as it is reasonable. The contend of business travelers is inelastic.In contrast, the weekend guests are families who are staying at the hotel for joy and are paying for the hotel from their personal incomes. They are willing to consider other hotel plectrums or even not travel at all if the price is high and unaffordable. The demand of pleasure travelers is elastic. Because of the differences in preferences of the weeknight and weekend guests, Executive Suites can price discriminate between these guests by charging $30 more on weeknights than on weekends and still befuddle weeknight travelers stay at the hotel. 4. Executive Suites would need to charge a minimum of $35 per night for the last minute rooms, an amount equal to the variable cost per room. Variable cost per room night = $25 per room night + $5 ? breakfasts = $35. Any price above $35 would increase Executive Suites operating i ncome. 12-28 (25 min. ) Cost-plus, target pricing, working backward. 1. In the following table, work backwards from operating income to calculate the selling price Selling price $ 10. 14 (plug) Less Variable cost per unit 3. 75 Unit contribution margin $ 6. 39 Number of units produced and sold ? 00,000 units function margin $3,195,000 Less Fixed costs 3,000,000 Operating income $ 195,000 a)Total sales revenue = $10. 14 pic 500,000 units = $5,070,000 b)Selling price = $10. 14 (from above) Alternatively, Operating income $ 195,000 Add fixed costs 3,000,000 ploughshare margin 3,195,000 Add variable costs ($3. 75 ? 500,000 units) 1,875,000 Sales revenue $5,070,000 pic )Rate of return on investment = pic d)Markup % on full cost Total cost = ($3. 75 pic 500,000 units) + $3,000,000 = $4,875,000 Unit cost = pic Markup % = pic Or pic 2. bare-assed fixed costs =$3,000,000 $200,000 = $2,800,000 refreshed variable costs = $3. 75 $0. 60 = $3. 15 pertly total cost s = ($3. 15 ? 500,000 units) + $2,800,000 = $4,375,000 bran-new total sales (5% markup) = $4,375,000 pic 1. 4 = $4,550,000 New selling price = $4,550,000 ? 500,000 units = $9. 10 Alternatively, New unit cost = $4,375,000 ? 500,000 units = $8. 75 New selling price = $8. 75 pic 1. 04 = $9. 10 3. New units sold = 500,000 units ? 90% = $450,000 units Budgeted Operating Income for the Year Ending December 31, 20xx Revenues ($9. 10 pic 450,000 units) $4,095,000 Variable costs ($3. 15 pic 450,000 units) 1,417,500 Contribution margin 2,677,500 Fixed costs 2,800,000 Operating income (loss) $ (122,500) 12-29(4045 min. ) Target prices, target costs, value engineering, cost incurrence, locked-in cost, activity-based costing. 1. Old CE100 New CE100 Cost Change Direct materials costs $182,000 $2. 20 pic 7,000 = $15,400 less $166,600 Direct manufacturing labor costs 28,000 $0. 50 pic 7,000 = $3,500 less 24,500 Machining costs 31,500 same(predicate) because capacit y same 31,500 screening costs 35,000 (20% pic 2. 5 pic 7,000) ? 2 = $7,000 28,000 Rework costs 14,000 (See Note 1) 5,600 Ordering costs 3,360 (See Note 2) 2,100 Engineering costs 21,140 Unchanged because capacity same 21,140 Total manufacturing costs $315,000 $279,440 Note 1 10% of old CE100s are reworked. That is, 700 (10% of 7,000) CE100s made are reworked. Rework costs = $20 per unit reworked ( 700 = $14,000. If rework move to 4% of New CE100s fabricate, 280 (4% of 7,000) New CE100s manufactured will require rework. Rework costs = $20 per unit ( 280 = $5,600. Note 2 Ordering costs for New CE100 = 2 orders/month ( 50 components ( $21/order = $2,100Unit manufacturing costs of New CE100 = $279,440 ? 7,000 = $39. 92 2. Total manufacturing cost reductions based on new design= $315,000 $279,440 = $35,560 Reduction in unit manufacturing costs based on new design= $35,560 ? 7,000 = $5. 08 per unit. The reduction in unit manufacturing costs based on the new design can also be calculated as Unit cost of old design, $45 ($315,000 ? 7,000 units) Unit cost of new design, $39. 92 = $5. 08 Therefore, the target cost reduction of $6 per unit is not achieved by the redesign. 3. Changes in design have a considerably larger impact on costs per unit proportional to improvements in manufacturing efficiency ($5. 08 versus $1. 50).One explanation is that many costs are locked in once the design of the radio-cassette is completed. Improvements in manufacturing efficiency cannot reduce many of these costs. Design choices can influence many direct and overhead cost categories, for example, by reducing direct materials requirements, by reducing defects requiring rework, and by designing in fewer components that translate into fewer orders located and lower ordering costs. 12-30(25 min. )Cost-plus, target return on investment pricing. 1. Target operating income = Return on capital in dollars = $13,000,000pic10% = $1,300,000 2. Revenues* $6,000,000 Variable costs ($3. 5 0 + $1. 0)pic500,000 cases 2,500,000 Contribution margin 3,500,000 Fixed costs ($1,000,000 + $700,000 + $500,000) 2,200,000 Operating income (from requirement 1) $1,300,000 * solve backwards for revenues Selling price = pic$12 per case. Markup % on full cost Full cost = $2,500,000 + $2,200,000 = $4,700,000 Unit cost = $4,700,000 ? 500,000 cases = $9. 40 per case Markup % on full cost = pic27. 66% 3. Budgeted Operating Income For the year ending December 31, 20xx Revenues ($14 pic 475,000 cases*) $6,650,000 Variable costs ($5 pic 475,000 cases) 2,375,000 Contribution margin 4,275,000 Fixed costs 2,200,000 Operating income $2,075,000 *New units = 500,000 casespic95% = 475,000 casesReturn on investment = pic15. 96% Yes, increasing the selling price is a good idea because operating income increases without increasing invested capital, which results in a higher return on investment. The new return on investment exceeds the 10% target return on investment. 12-31(20 min. )Co st-plus, time and materials, ethics. 1. As shown in the table below, station will specialise Briggs that she will have to pay $460 to get the air conditioning system repaired and $440 to get it replaced. COST toil Materials Total Cost cover extract (5 hrs. pic $30 per hr. $100) $150 $100 $250 Replace excerption (2 hrs. pic $30 per hr. $200) 60 200 260 PRICE (100% markup on labor cost 60% markup on materials) Labor Materials Total Price Repair option ($150 pic 2 $100 pic 1. 6) $300 $160 $460 Replace option ($60 pic 2 $200 pic 1. 6) 120 320 440 2.If the repair and replace options are evenly effective, Briggs will choose to get the air conditioning system replaced for $440 (rather than spend $460 on repairing it). 3. R&C Mechanical will earn a greater contribution toward overhead in the repair option ($210 = $460 $250) than in the replace option ($ clxxx = $440 $260). Therefore, Garrison will recommend the repair option to Briggs which is not the one she woul d prefer. Recognizing this conflict, Garrison may even present only the repair option to Ashley Briggs. Of course, he runs the danger of Briggs walking away and thinking of other options (at which point, he could present the replace option as a compromise). The problem is hat Garrison has superior information nearly the repairs needed but his incentives may cause him to not reveal his information and sooner use it to his advantage. It is only the sellers desire to build a reputation, to have a long-term relationship with the customer, and to have the customer recommend the seller to other potential buyers of the service that encourages an honest word of honor of the options. The ethical course of action would be to honestly present both options to Briggs and have her choose. To have their employees act ethically, organizations do not reward employees on the basis of the cyberspace earned on various jobs. They also develop codes of conduct and core value and beliefs that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. 12-32(25 min. )Cost-plus and market-based pricing. 1.calcium Temps full cost per hour of supplying adjure labor is Variable costs$13 Fixed costs ($168,000 ? 84,000 hours) 2 Full cost per hour$15 Price per hour at full cost plus 20% = $15 ( 1. 20 = $18 per hour. 2. Contribution margins for different prices and demand realizations are as follows Contribution shore per Variable Cost per second Hour Demand in Hours Total Contribution Price per Hour (2) (3) = (1) (2) (4) (5) = (3) ? 4) (1) $16 $13 $3 124,000 $372,000 17 13 4 104,000 416,000 18 13 5 84,000 420,000 19 13 6 74,000 444,000 20 13 7 61,000 427,000 Fixed costs will remain the same regardless of the demand realizations.Fixed costs are, therefore, irrelevant since they do not differ among the alternatives. The table above indicates that California Temps can increase contribution margin ($444,000) and operating income by charging a price of $19 per hour. 3. The inde terminate approach to pricing in requirement 1 does not explicitly consider the effect of prices on demand. The approach in requirement 2 models the interaction between price and demand and determines the optimal level of profitability using concepts of relevant costs. The two different approaches leash to two different prices in requirements 1 and 2. As the chapter describes, pricing decisions should consider both demand or market considerations and supply or cost factors.The approach in requirement 2 is the more match approach. In most cases, of course, managers use the cost-plus method of requirement 1 as only a starting point. They then modify the cost-plus price on the basis of market considerationsanticipated customer reaction to alternative price levels and the prices charged by competitors for similar products. 12-33Cost-plus and market-based pricing. 1. Single rate = pic $11. 91 per test-hour (TH) Hourly billing rate for HTT and ACT = $11. 91pic1. 45 = $17. 27 2. Labor an d supervision = pic= $4. 64 per test-hour apparatus and facility costs = pic= $503. 275 per setup-hour Utilities = pic= $36. 80 per machine-hour (MH) 3. HTT ACT Total Labor and supervision $295,104 $196,736 $ 491,840 ($4. 64? 63, 600 42,400 test-hours)1 Setup and facility cost 100,655 301,965 402,620 ($503. 275? 200 600 setup-hours)2 Utilities 184,000 ($36. 80? ,000 5,000 machine-hours)3 184,000 368,000 Total cost $579,759 $682,701 $1,262,460 Number of interrogation hours (TH) ? 63,600 TH ? 42,400 TH Cost per examen hour $9. 12 per TH $ 16. 10 per TH Mark-up ? 1. 45 ? 1. 5 guardianship rate per testing hour $ 13. 22 per TH $ 23. 35 per TH 1106,000 test-hours pic 60% = 63,600 test-hours 106,000 test-hourspic40% = 42,400 test-hours 2800 setup-hours ? 25% = 200 setup-hours 800 setup-hours ? 75% = 600 setup-hours 310,000 machine-hours ? 50% = 5,000 machine-hours 10,000 machine-hours ? 50% = 5,000 machine-hours The billing rates based on the activi ty-based cost structure make more sense.These billing rates shine the ways the testing procedures consume the firms resources. 4. To stay competitive, Best try on needs to be more cost-efficient in glacial testing. Roughly 44% of arctic testings total cost pic occurs in setups and facility costs. perhaps the setup activity can be redesigned to achieve cost savings. Best Test should also look for savings in the labor and supervision cost per test-hour and the total number of test-hours used in arctic testing, as well as the utility cost per machine-hour and the total number of machine hours used in arctic testing. This may require redesigning the test, redesigning processes, and achieving efficiency and productivity improvements. 12-34(2530 min. )Life-cycle costing. 1. Total Project Life- beat Costs Variable costs Metal extraction and bear upon ($100 per ton ? 50,000 tons) $5,000,000 Fixed costs Metal extraction and processing ($4,000 ? 24 months) 96,000 Rent on temp orary buildings ($2,000 ? 7 months) 54,000 Administration ($5,000 ? 27 months) 135,000 Clean-up ($30,000 ? 3 months) 90,000 consume restoration 475,000 Selling land 150,000 Total life-cycle cost $6,000,000 2. Projected Life Cycle Income Statement Revenue ($150 per ton pic 50,000 tons) $7,500,000 Sale of land (plug after inputting other numbers) 500,000 Total life-cycle cost (6,000,000) Life-cycle operating income ($40 per ton ? 50,000 tons) $2,000,000 Mark-up percentage on protrude life-cycle cost = pic pic = 33? % 3. Revenue ($140 per ton pic 50,000 tons) $7,000,000 Sale of land 400,000 Total revenue $7,400,000 Total life-cycle cost at mark-up of 33? % $5,550,000 ($7,400,000 ? 1. 33333) New Life would need to reduce total life-cycle costs by $ 450,000 ($6,000,000 $5,550,000) Check Revenue $7,000,000 Sale of land 400,000 Total life-cycle cost (5,550,000) Life-cycle operating income $1,850,000 Mark-up percentage = pic= 33? 12-35(30 min. ) atmospheric stateline pricing, considerations other than cost in pricing. 1. If the have a go at it is $500, a. Air shoot would expect to have 200 business and 100 pleasure travelers. b. Variable costs per passenger would be $65. c. Contribution margin per passenger = $500 $65 = $435. If the fare is $2,100, a. Air shoot would expect to have 180 business and 20 pleasure travelers. b. Variable costs per passenger would be $clxxv. c. Contribution margin per passenger = $2,100 $175 = $1,925. Contribution margin from business travelers at prices of $500 and $2,100, respectively, follow At a price of $500 $435 ? 200 passengers = $ 87,000At a price of $2,100 $1,925 ? 180 passengers= $346,500 Air eagle would maximize contribution margin and operating income by charging business travelers a fare of $2,100. Contribution margin from pleasure travelers at prices of $500 and $2,100, respectively, follow At a price of $500 $435 ? 100 passengers= $43,500 At a price of $2,100 $1,925 ? 20 p assengers= $38,500 Air Eagle would maximize contribution margin and operating income by charging pleasure travelers a fare of $500. Air Eagle would maximize contribution margin and operating income by a price differentiation strategy, where business travelers are charged $2,100 and pleasure travelers $500.In decision making between the alternative prices, all other costs such as evoke costs, allocated annual lease costs, allocated ground services costs, and allocated flight crew salaries are irrelevant. why? Because these costs will not change whatever price Air Eagle chooses t