Changes in the Middle East After the World War I

What important contribution or contributions did this scholar make to Essay

What significant commitment or commitments did this researcher make to the field of scriptural examinations - Essay Example The articles interconnect with fanciful books, antiquated and current mediators work, medieval work that established the framework for cutting edge belief systems, strategies just as developments that are key for scriptural examinations. The author has limited adjustment of the first data however much as could be expected to keep up the realness of t6hje data in the book of scriptures. In any case, there has been expansion of data to little degree which go past minor revisions. In this unique situation, it has been seen that the book of Esther has extra content that includes around nine sentences. These have framed the reason for the ongoing investigations did on the book of Esther. Moreover, the Song of Songs for example, has thirty extra things to the list of sources causing some minor contrasts in the forthcoming books and present day translations. In this way the author has established a decent framework to advanced scriptural examinations and translations. it has been noticed th at the Deutronomical books in the old Testament has extra entrancing points that attention on singular mediators, current methodologies just as religious themes that give huge motivation. This has been founded on the articles composed or excerpted from the Dictionary of understandings by John H. Hayes. Most scriptural translators and authors underscore and concentrate on data acquired over the most recent two centuries. This denotes a binding together factor towards the best translators. Nonetheless, a few translators partition their exploration and work to the various classifications, in particular: Early understanding, which tends to the old Biblical data and how they framed reason for ensuing work. The subsequent classification is the early middle age. This follows the early middle age and gets intensely from the prior form. Thirdly, there is the twelfth century translation which established the framework for different understandings. Others are The academic time frame, the early current time frame and

Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms and Treatment

Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Theories Personality Psychology Print Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms and Treatment By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 Francois De Heel/Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Histrionic personality disorder affects approximately 3.8 million (1.8 percent) adults in the United States. The disorder is characterized by shallow emotions, attention-seeking, and manipulative behavior.?? According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, an estimated 30.8 million American adults experience symptoms of at least one personality disorder.??   A personality disorder is a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving.?? A person with a personality disorder has trouble perceiving and relating to situations and to people. This causes significant problems and limitations in relationships, social encounters, work, and school. In some cases, you may not realize that you have a personality disorder because your way of thinking and behaving seems natural to you. And you may blame others for the challenges you face. Personality disorders usually begin in the teenage years or early adulthood. There are many types of personality disorders. Some types may become less obvious throughout middle age. Causes Personality is a combination of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that makes you unique. Its the way you view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how you see yourself. Personality forms during childhood, shaped through an interaction of two factors:?? Your Genes:  Certain personality traits may be passed on to you by your parents through inherited genes. These traits are sometimes called your temperament.Your Environment:  This involves the surroundings you grew up in, events that occurred, and relationships with family members and others. Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of these genetic and environmental influences. Your genes may make you vulnerable to developing a personality disorder, and a life situation may trigger the actual development. Although the precise cause of personality disorders isnt known, certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering personality disorders, including:?? Family history of personality disorders or other mental illnessLow level of education and lower social and economic statusVerbal, physical or sexual abuse during childhoodNeglect or unstable chaotic family life during childhoodBeing diagnosed with childhood conduct disorderVariations in brain chemistry and structure Symptoms   Individuals with histrionic personality disorder:?? Display excessive but shallow emotions and attention-seeking behaviors. These individuals are constantly “performing” in order to gain attention.Experience fleeting moods, opinions, and beliefs. They are also very suggestible and quick to respond to fads.Generally, need others to witness their emotional displays in order to gain validation or attention.Often display exaggerated symptoms of weakness or illness and may use threats of suicide to manipulate others. Also, many people with histrionic personality disorder use sexually provocative behaviors to control others or gain attention. Treatments Individuals suffering from histrionic personality disorder are often difficult to treat. They often seek treatment only when the disorder is causing major problems or stress.Psychotherapy can be effective. Group therapy is not recommended since the individual tries to seek attention from group members and exaggerates symptoms.?? The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1849 Words

â€Å"The biggest killer on the planet is stress and I still think the best medicine is and always has been cannabis† (Willie Nelson). Throughout the years, marijuana became widely used by various cultures as a remedy for a number of medical reasons. As a pro-active supporter for the legalization of medical marijuana, this paper will explore the controversies surrounding the authorization of marijuana as a legitimate medication, the drug’s effectiveness for relieving certain health issues, and the testing of the drug for safe public use. Future legalization of marijuana strictly leans on the findings of government conducted, experimental testing in order to secure the future use of marijuana for medicinal use. To begin with, the controversy†¦show more content†¦Consequently, the argument between government and health care providers allowing physicians to prescribe marijuana as a valid treatment is a topic surrounded by countless controversies. There is a large number of health care representatives that signify a patient’s right to all beneficial treatments and that to withhold the treatment violates their basic human entitlements. With that being said, many believe that people should receive the most efficient and effective treatment necessary to maintain one’s well-being. In the same way, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration plays a crucial role in the legalization of cannabis; from approval status to the testing of the drug. Namely, the FDA is not the only government organization designed for the experimental testing of the drug. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, â€Å"Cannabis has been used for medical purposes for the millennia, said to first be noted by the Chinese in c.2737 BCE. Medical cannabis arrived in the United States much later† (NCBI-PubMed). Accordingly, marijuana seems to be a long-lasting form of medicine. Presently, â€Å"the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not a pproved a marketing application for marijuana for any indication† (FDA). While the FDA remains a major contributor in the analysis of medical marijuana; they also depend on an organization called the National Institute on

The Performance Of Classical Music - 1749 Words

Classical music has been played in many different venues, with many different instruments, in many different time periods so it is very interesting to compare all of the performances. The performance I went was definitely very different from how the music would’ve been played when the composers first wrote them. The 200-year difference allows me to explore all of the unique aspects that both the first performance and my current performance added to the experience that classical music concerts. Although concerts of the 1800s and 2000s differ because of venue, musician popularity, and finances, they have similarities in style, audience reaction and musician interpretation. The concert I went to was part of a non-profit organization called†¦show more content†¦When looking through many different volumes of the publication The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular I was able to read about the most recent concerts that happened within the month that the journal came out.5 Composers who were around during that time had some of their first performances of pieces published as well as people like Mozart and Beethoven were having their pieces played by famous musicians of the time.15 Classical music was the most popular played back then so they did not need a non-profit organization to start a concert series to expose people to the music instead they needed a journal to inform the public when the shows and write reviews for all the new music being played. In the nineteenth century, composers and musicians were treated like the pop stars of the twenty-first century are treated today. They only play at large venues with many people watching and they get the VIP treatment before after and during their performance.4 Sadly, however, the venue I went to and the way the musicians were treated was much more casual it can almost be compared to the open mic night of today. The venue was a small church and there were only two musicians, a cellist and a pianist. People were able to sit right next to the cellist since his seat was in the middle of the isle. After the show, they were able to interact with the guests who came to the

Infiniti car Free Essays

Luxury car is a vehicle that provides luxury where It means by a higher quality equipment with better performance, it’s provide: a good quality, comfort, higher design, the technologically Innovative modern, and not only that but the luxury car have a features that convey an image, brand or status. Luxury car is already around the world and in the Australia as well. The sales of the Australia was rise like in one of article in Australia : Sydney Morning Herald that talk about the sales car in Australia was rise and increased by 7 per cent in the first four months in 2003 and he industry Is predicting that a record-beating tally of compared with the same period last year and the Industry Is predicting that a record-beating tally of 850,000 vehicles will be sold In 2003. We will write a custom essay sample on Infiniti car or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then there was four famous luxury car that sold In Australia’s market: Holder, Ford, Toyota and Amateurish. Then more than 320 models are sold through 50 brands (Dowling, 2003). So it means that the sales of the luxury car in Australia was good, and to make the market more grow that help the Australia economy, that have a new brand car. Infinite is a new car company to the Australian luxury automobile segment. We want to focus the Infinite car to the specific demographic In Sydney. The method we use It by exploratory research. Because It focusing on new ideas and find potential market opportunities. The focus target market is business people that have income more than $ 100. ASK The method of exploratory research are as follows: The primary data: we can collect by questionnaire filled by getting some questionnaire filled by customers and sometimes the exploratory research are usually based on secondary data consists books and website. The marketing concept The concept of the marketing research is related with the whole of the organization would be driven by a constant concern for its custo mer to search the potential customer and related it with our organization, particular needs of the customer, then coordinate all of activities that can affect to the customer. Wilson, 2010) For the marketing concept, we can use the concept method by research analysis: 1 . Formulation the problem understand our focus target where the Infinitely Is a new car company that soul not so popular. Not all people know about that yet so we must understand the full impact and implication of the luxury car industry. 2. Collection the data We can do by questionnaire that can be is reliance on verbal questions, written, or oral. For example we can do the questionnaire by taking the collect data with 40 respondents who can filled the questionnaires and give the required necessary Information. The respondents all business people that can be working In the office, own organization, company. 3. Making sampling plan We can describe the character of the group people that we focus on. Where the demographic information is age around more than 25 years old, and can be woman or man. The sample size we can make it 40 where we want to do how many that we deed It, than the area of our sample is Sydney, Australia. Then our sample technique Is a group of subjects (sample) chosen from a large group (a population). 4. Research The research is Sydney The respondent for our information Frequency of usage in the question we ask for highly consumed brand Management problem Infinite needs to discuss the internal problem with their staffs as this will leads to the development of a marketing research question. However, infinite needs to create customer profile, industry profile, understanding of buyer behavior, and to test advertising concept for its next advertising campaign. It’s related it with the marketing research question. Once a management problem translated into a research problem, then you can find a solution. In this case, Infinite is a new car company, and not everyone knows about this company. They might experience the problems with their sales revenue, therefore Infinite needs to examine expectations and experiences of several groups such as potential customers, first time buyers and repeat purchases. Infinite need to determine lack of sales due to: Poor expectations that lead to lack of desire to buy because customers were not satisfied with the reduce, so they decided to not purchasing it anymore. Poor performance experience ( not meeting expectations and value of money that customers pay for Infinite car) The strategic marketing problem-based data and the testing of alternative solutions with : 1. Identify problem or opportunity The Infinite is a new car company. Not many people know about the car company yet so it will be many threat from other competitors for example that the luxury car from an old company that the brand already famous. We can identify by: Strength : it’s a new company so it might be many people want to know about the new car so they ill be try to get the information and search it Weakness : because a new company so there still not many people know about the new car Opportunity : new company so it have many potential to reach the market because people like something new. Threats : other competitor or other brand that it’s already famous. 2. Determine research design and collection forms Infinite can conduct surveys, by giving questionnaire or conducting focus group for measuring the performance standards and expectations seeks by customers, to increase their sales and customer loyalty. 3. Design sample Because this is new company, therefore Infinite should not only conducting research for the potential customers and target market, but also they need to research about the design that they are going to use or put into the car. . Collect data With secondary data where the information that has been gathered before for some purpose like internal data (available within organization) and external data (outside organization) Primary data frequently collected through questionnaire but also can be gathered through observation and qualitative research. 5. Analyses and interpret data The data of Infinity must be prepared for data analysis using several st eps such as collecting, coding and tabulation. 6. Prepared and present research report Research report is actual document submitted to client or management summarizing results and conclusions Quantitative ad qualitative The qualitative data is data that based on quality or qualities data that have a quantitative data is do in small number of participants by focus group or interview. For example : 1. What is your reason to buy the luxury car? 2. How you find the luxury car information? 3. What are you looking when you decided to buy the luxury cat that you want? The quantitative data is prefer to data that concerned with quantifying where it means that measuring and counting. Which we can subscribes to a particular empirical approach to knowledge, believing that measuring accurately enough we can make claims to the object study (Alex, 2013). The quantitative data we can do by questionnaire. For example : 1 . What age that more like to buy the luxury car ? Age No of respondents 25 – 35 20 36 – 45 11 46 – 55 5 56 and more 4 Total We can see that the respondent is more in the age around 25 – 35 for buying luxury car. 2. The preference to buy a luxury car Answers Price Quality 15 Availability 6 Involvement Recommendation 3 Most of the respondent is more prefer the quality to buy the luxury car 3. Why people want to buy a luxury car Value 8 Flaunt Value Interested in Art 7 Exclusivity 10 The respondents prefer to buy luxury car because they want to flaunt their superiority over others. 4. What is the type of Jobs that most people buy the luxury car ? Type of Jobs Businessman Office work Government employees 12 Most of the people buy the luxury car is people are working in type of Jobs is businessman. 5. What is the source of information to get to know the luxury cars? Sources No of responders Television Newspaper Website Product demos We can see most of the respondent are like to use the source by television to get interest with the luxury car that make them want to get the information about the car. Marketing research with the management decisions The management decisions are related it with the marketing research that we do. So first we must know what the problem when we want to make one decisions on our ask how to advertised the product Should it advertised by website, magazine or other source for advertising How was the cost and the budget for our new product company What price we should decided that with our product and in customer side So the research would feed the information back to management so the management can work it out if the potential take up and the price would ensure profitability. (Sara, 2011) Reference : Alex. (2013). Types of Research : Quantitative vs. Qualitative. Wordless . Dowling, J. (2003). Luxury car sales rocketing; there must be a war on. Sydney Morning Herald . Sara. (2011). Differences between management decisions problem and marketing research problem? . Business and finance . Wilson, A. M. (2010). Marketing research : an integrated approach. Australia: Pearson Australia. How to cite Infiniti car, Papers

Literature review on Language Use

Literature Review In academic arena, English plays a very crucial role especially in institutions whereby it has been used for infinitely long period of time as a medium of instruction. Students are expected to not only communicate effectively in English language. They are also supposed to master its extensive usage so that they can be able to grasp full content in their various fields of study. According to Bacha and Bahous (2008), there is no possibility of excelling in institutions which use English as medium of communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, tremendous effort geared towards learning English language both from the teacher and learner levels is relevant in order to help students overcome academic demands so as to excel in their respective disciplines. Additionally, the acquired skills will assist students in meeting th e demands of English language use in a professional context (Bacha Bahous, 2008). Ismail (2011) explicates that the academic context consign strenuous demands on students as they are required to complete numerous writing tasks in different genres such as essays, research papers and critical reviews. On the other hand, for learners to be able to decipher the different structure and language forms that are most suited for diverse form of texts, they ought to focus on learning the rules of the language that is being used for instruction. Furthermore, in his study on students’ perceptions on writing in ESL, Ismail found out that English plays vital role in initiating students to the wider academic community owing to their improved proficiency and also due to their ability to make distinctions between language activities used in specific genres. Further exploration of students’ perceptions indicated that the kind of attitudes that students held towards ESL either hindered or promoted their writing ability. On the same note, Bacha (2002) underscores that English has been elevated to a higher status around the world owing to the fact that it is the preferred language of use for various specific purposes. Needless to say, English is a preferred medium of instruction in many academic institutions across the globe bearing in mind that even the non-English speaking countries have adopted English in their academic curriculum. For this reason, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Arab world as well as from other parts of the globe have little alternative but to learn English despite the difficulties they encounter in the course of learning. In spite of the fact that L1 (Arabic) has a role to play in students life, it is imperative to mention that English for academic purposes is very crucial not just to outshine in academic field, but also to fit in the global arena whereby it is the main language of communication. Concurrently, this current resea rch offers an in-depth exploration on the use of English for purpose of academic learning and of course the acquisition of knowledge. In addition, it also highlights the difficulties Arabic speakers encounter in the course of switching between Arabic for social use and English for academic purposes.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholars interested in English for specific purposes (ESP) discipline tend to prefer the usage of two distinct subdivisions to distinguish between the use of English in academic (English for academic purposes (EAP) and the language use in occupational contexts (English for occupational purposes (EOP) (Gillett Wray, 2006). Besides, Gillett and Wray accentuate that the aspiration of ESP is to equip students with the necessary skills to communicate, write and read. Notwithstanding, the period of preparation is very short, but the skills are relevant to promote success in academics. However, success in mastery of ESP is only achieved if activities of ESP are demonstrated in the context as it is the case in academic institutions. Moreover, the materials for teaching ESP ought to be authentic to enable students to grasp vital skills for a smooth transition into the employment world. Similarly, Fender (2008) in his research unearthed several characteristics of ESP which includes ESP materials that are designed to meet specific learners’ needs such as academic. Conversely, the methodology for designing such materials is tailored towards the specialized purpose. Needless to say, the aim of EPS should be focused, not just on teaching the lexicon, grammar and registers in a particular discipline, but should also provide skills on the appropriate use of the above activities. English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) In yet another development of this language, EOP falls under three categories namely business English, professional English and vocational English. The importance of English in occupational fields has been accentuated via several studies. One such study is by Fender (2008) that emphasized the necessity for learning above average English skills to facilitate communication in every profession. Furthermore, the two aforementioned authors provide indisputable solutions that ESL students can employ to overcome communication barriers in their respective business and management professions. Likewise, Gilmore (2009) points out that many students find it extremely challenging to produce written texts in their language and the challenges worsens when they are required to write in a second language and specifically to EFL learners. He adds that the widely usage of English language in business and academic environment can be directly linked to the gradual revolution heightened by globalization. As a matter of fact, Huang (2008) study supported Gilmore observation by accentuating that the spread of English usage is like ly to be accelerated by its’ widespread usage in mass communication, internet and business dealings. He further emphasizes that on a day to day basis, thousands of deals in trade, journalism, politics etc are conducted in English whereas the parties involved are non-native speakers of English. As a result, the necessity to equip the users with the relevant English competence skills cannot be overemphasized of which this is the main concern of the current study.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, Huang study revealed that test scores for tasks written in English varied between the ESL learners and native speakers of English, whereby native speakers scores higher than ESL learners. Huang attributed these findings to the fact that ESL learners’ performance was limited for reasons not explained in his study. However, his find ings positively indicate the concept of using ESP in academics poses tremendous hardship to ESL students. Moreover, Puvenesvary (2003) research revealed that poorly-written business letters caused grievous harm to a business. His study which was conducted in the banking sector in Malasyia further portrays that ESP is a valuable skill not just in academics but also in professional arena. Challenges in reading and speaking in ESP for academic learners Research among Arab students has indicated that they face similar or more adverse challenges while reading and speaking in ESP. Obviously, in academic institutions, students are expected to communicate with their fellow learners as well as participate in both oral and reading classroom presentations. Similarly, they are also expected to have above average reading skills to enhance performance in academic tasks. However, most ESP learners posses below average skills in reading and speaking as cited by Jdetawy (2011). The aim of his resear ch was to conduct a conceptual review of challenges faced by Arab learners while using ESP in academic setting. A thorough review of literature exposes the reality that Arab ESL students faced serious problems while using ESP in academics and the problems impacted on all areas of language skills, i.e. speaking, reading, writing and listening (Jdetawy, 2011). The above current study concurs with a prior study by Savas (2009). Although Savas’ study aimed at unearthing learners’ challenges as perceived by their teachers, the two studies arrived at similar findings. Savas (2009) highlights that L2 learners of English face serious challenges while using ESP in accomplishing academic tasks such as writing, speaking, reading and listening. Interesting though, this study partly blame inadequacy of teaching methods as having contributed to the acquisition of below average linguistic skills in English. Problems faced by Arabic speakers in ESL learning for academic purposes On th e same note, learners of L2 face many problems and Arab learners are no exception. Needless to say, these problems have caught the interest of various linguistic scholars due to their regular occurrences in both written and spoken English. As a result, numerous studies (Hisham, 2008; Rababbah, 2003; Kobayashi Rinnert, 2002) have been carried out to investigate some of the common and chronic problems faced by Arab learners in the process of acquiring L2 (English). To expound on the same, Kobayashi and Rinnert (2002) study attempted to investigate the effects of extensive and intensive L1 training in high school and how students transferred L1 knowledge while writing in L2. The study indicated that students tended to transfer knowledge in L1 to L2 and as a result committed weighty lexical errors during the writing process. However, errors in writing could be minimized if the students acquired the best writing strategy in L1 as they could transfer the same skills L2.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Kobayashi and Rinnert explanation ignores the fact that most of the errors of writing in L2 arise not because of the acquired writing strategies, but also because the mastery of L2 is restricted. Rababah (2003) extended his study further to identify the various reasons that could be attributed to these EFL learning problems. First of all, he identified that the problems of EFL among Arab learners arose because English language teachers were native speakers of Arabic; hence their performance and competence in English was likely to be restricted. In addition, use of English was not a common experience among Arab speakers bearing in mind that they also had little interaction with native English speakers. Consequently, Hisham (2008) investigated business students at the University of Utara Malaysia and pointed out that EFL learner encounter problems in vocabulary register, grammar and referencing. As a matter of fact, Umair (2011) reinforces the above discourse by res tating that Arabic native speakers encountered many problems while undertaking writing courses in English. In deed, the composition of learners in academic institution is very diverse and as well their multilevel ability in writing also varied. As a result, the lack of uniformity further accelerated the problems of competent writing for both teachers and students (ibid). Umair further explains that the diversified composition of learners in terms of abilities made it impossible for teachers to meet the needs of every learner. Additionally, Bacha (2002) reviewed past literature that is highly relevant to the current study owing to the fact that it identified the major problems that L2 learners encountered while writing for academic purposes. Moreover, the study pointed out that writing skills among L2 learners were restricted following their limitation of lexical variety and lack of subordination elements. Consequently, the importance of employing the appropriate methodology while te aching ESP cannot be overstated. Having established that there are various and grievous problems in ESL learning, L2 practitioners have been a search of comprehensive theory that would be employed to teach L2 in an attempt to minimize or eliminate problems that originated from poor teaching methodologies. As a result three major theories have been proposed which can be employed to guide learners in the process of writing in order to promote mastery of skills among ESP learners for academic purposes. Integral theories applied in the teaching of ESP One of the most important theories is that which touches on rhetorical drills and syntax. It is referred to as product theory and they are all important in assisting the process of writing (Badger White, 2000). As the name suggests, this theory is concerned with the final written product and eschews from establishing how the writing skills are acquired. Badger and White also exemplifies that the written product is a clear indicator of the level of structure skills of the target language (TL) that the learner have mastered. Moreover, the written product indicates the level of imitated input since L2 learning is a matter of imitation. Badger and White also explains that if students are exposed to written model texts their level of errors is likely to subside and vice versa. This is because as students focus on model texts they also focus on form and structure out of which they imitate the ideal writing skills. In addition, the students should be exposed to various exercises based on the model texts, and concurrently their level of mastered should be evaluated based on replicated product. On the contrary, process theory approach focuses on the identification of procedure employed to arrive at the final written text without any consideration of the appearance of this final product (Hyland, 2003). This indicates that this theory is more concerned with teaching methods that learner of ESP is exposed to so as to acquire wr iting skills in the target language. The author expounds that the various elements in the learning of English language such as drafting, actual writing carrying out revision as well as assessment and evaluation are all related to the theory. Henceforth, instructors are supposed to introduce the students to techniques that enhance success in writing. Therefore, students are taken through rewriting, revision and editing until the instructor is satisfied with the final draft. On the same note, it important to acknowledge a more recent research that sought to highlight the meta-cognitive strategic that Arab students employed while reading comprehension both in Arabic and English that was doe by Alsheikh and Mokhtari (2011). The study indicates serious implications for teaching and assessment on academic institutions since the researchers established that participants were more concerned with strategies than end products. Therefore, the study further reinforces the process theory that st rategy or mechanisms employed in teaching writing determines the quality of end-product. Finally, genre theory approach was proposed in an attempt to provide mechanisms to promote successful learning of ESP in the academic arena especially in writing. According to Badger and White (2000), this approach largely deals with studying the social context in which writing materials are produced. Generally, this theory considers the communicative events where written materials are produced. In the academic context, the process whereby a lecturer interacts with his/her students in the process of teaching is considered to be relevant while teaching writing skills in target language. Flowerdew and Peacock (2001) also explained that in this context, students are free to choose their own topic and write on them, while ensuring that their written texts fulfill the intended communicative purpose. Concurrently, Flowerdew and Peacock (2001) perceive this approach as the most significant due to its d ynamic nature as well as varied characteristics across disciplines, time and instructors. However, the approach might not be successful since it requires collaboration between lecturers and students, a situation which may sometimes be unattainable. In this case, the teacher assumes an authoritative position as he/she guides learners towards an elevated performance level of ESP (Paltridge, 2001). References Alsheikh, N.O. Mokhtari, K. (2011). An Examination of the Metacognitive Reading Strategies Used by Native Speakers of Arabic When Reading in English and Arabic. English Language Teaching, 4(2), 151-161. Bacha, N.N. (2002). Developing Learners’ Academic Writing Skills in Higher Education: A Study for Educational Reform. Language and Education, 16(3): 161-178. Bacha, N.N., Bahous, R. (2008). Contrasting views of business students’ writing needs in an EFL environment. English for Specific Purposes 27, 74-93. Badger, R. G. White. (2000). A process-genre approach to te aching writing. ELT Journal 54(2), 153-160. Fender, M. 2008. Spelling knowledge and reading development: Insights from Arab ESL learners, Reading in a foreign language, 20(2), 19-26. Flowerdew, J. Peacock, M. (Eds.) (2001). Research Perspectives on English for Academic Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gillett, A Wray, L. (2006). ‘EAP and Success’ in Assessing the Effectiveness of EAP Programmes, BALEAP. Gilmore, A. (2009). Using online corpora to develop students’ writing skills. ELT Journal, 63(4), 363-372. Hisham, D. (2008). Needs Analysis of Arab graduate students in the area of EAP: A case study of the ICT program at UUM. Unpublished minor thesis. Sintok: University Utara Malaysia Press. Huang, J. (2008).How Accurate are ESL students’ holistic writing scores on large-scale assessments? A generalizability theory approach. Assessing Writing, 13(3), 201- 218. Hyland, K. (2003). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journ al of Second Language Writing, 12: 17-29. Ismail, S. A. A. (2011). Exploring Students’ Perceptions of ESL Writing. English Language Teaching, 4(2): 73-84. Jdetawy, L. F. A. (2011). Problems encountered by Arab EFL learners. Language in India, 11(3), 19-28. Kobayash, H. Rinnert, C. (2002). High school perceptions of first language literacy instruction: Implications for second language writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 11(2), 91-116 Paltridge, B. (2001). Genre, text type and the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) classroom. In A. M. Johns (Ed.), Genre in the Classroom. Mahwah: Erlbaum. Puvenesvary, M. (2003). A comparative study of the criteria employed by academics and workplace professionals in evaluating business correspondence. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy, Thesis, Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Rabab’ah, G. (2003). Communicating Problems Facing Arab Learners of English. Journal o f Language and Learning 3(1), 180-197. Savas, B. (2009). Role of Functional Academic Literacy In ESP teaching: ESP Teacher Training in Turkey for sustainable development. Journal of International Social research, 2(9), 396-408. Umair, N. (2011). Problems of Multi-ability Academic English Writing Classes in Arab Countries. Arab World English Journal, 2(2), 230-242. This essay on Literature review on Language Use was written and submitted by user Damian Houston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Individualism essays

Individualism essays During the Renaissance, individualism was a noteworthy concept which emerged during the era. It stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of ones capabilities and talents. Before this idea materialized, recognition of remarkable individuals of the Dark Ages was limited strongly due to the fact that Christian humility discouraged self-absorption. However, from the Renaissance on, individualism remains as a dominating theme in Western civilization. The Age of Exploration exhibited individualism through the desire of men to discover lands and gain fame for not only their respective country, but also themselves. Columbus symbolized individualism and escape from Old World tyranny in his discovering of America. Sir Francis Drake brought fame to his country and himself by being the first man to circumnavigate the world. Vasco da Gamas traveling to India led to the claiming of India for Portugal. The emergence of prominent individuals during this time period was significant. Years later, The Glorious Revolution replaced one ruler with minimum bloodshed and helped eliminate the collectivism of the British laws. Political philosopher John Locke maintained that people set up civil governments to protect the three basic needs of life, liberty and property, and if those rights arent fulfilled, the people would have the right to revolt. During the Enlightment, several writers and philosophers appeared and shared their views with the world. Copernicus was the first to derive a heliocentric theory. Voltaire believed in ...laws which protect the freedom of the feeble against the ambitions of the strong and Diderot, along with other philosophers, published the Encylopedia. During the next era, the Romantic Movement was the new individualistic event. It was characterized by a belief in emotional liveliness, uninhibited imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal lif ...

Hypothesis, Model, Theory, and Law

Hypothesis, Model, Theory, and Law In common usage, the words hypothesis, model, theory, and law have different interpretations and are at times used without precision, but in science they have very exact meanings. Hypothesis Perhaps the most difficult and intriguing step is the development of a specific, testable hypothesis. A useful hypothesis enables predictions by applying deductive reasoning, often in the form of mathematical analysis. It is a limited statement regarding the cause and effect in a specific situation, which can be tested by experimentation and observation or by statistical analysis of the probabilities from the data obtained. The outcome of the test hypothesis should be currently unknown, so that the results can provide useful data regarding the validity of the hypothesis. Sometimes a hypothesis is developed that must wait for new knowledge or technology to be testable. The concept of atoms was proposed by the ancient Greeks, who had no means of testing it. Centuries later, when more knowledge became available, the hypothesis gained support and was eventually accepted by the scientific community, though it has had to be amended many times over the year. Atoms are not indivisible, as the Greeks supposed. Model A model is used for situations when it is known that the hypothesis has a limitation on its validity. The Bohr model of the atom, for example, depicts electrons circling the atomic nucleus in a fashion similar to planets in the solar system. This model is useful in determining the energies of the quantum states of the electron in the simple hydrogen atom, but it is by no means represents the true nature of the atom. Scientists (and science students) often use such idealized models  to get an initial grasp on analyzing complex situations. Theory and Law A scientific theory or law represents a hypothesis (or group of related hypotheses) which has been confirmed through repeated testing, almost always conducted over a span of many years. Generally, a theory is an explanation for a set of related phenomena, like the theory of evolution or the big bang theory.   The word law is often invoked in reference to a specific mathematical equation that relates the different elements within a theory. Pascals Law  refers an equation that describes differences in pressure based on height. In the overall theory of universal gravitation developed by Sir Isaac Newton, the key equation that describes the gravitational attraction between two objects is called the law of gravity. These days, physicists rarely apply the word law to their ideas. In part, this is because so many of the previous laws of nature were found to be not so much laws as guidelines, that work well within certain parameters but not within others. Scientific Paradigms Once a scientific theory is established, it is very hard to get the scientific community to discard it. In physics, the concept of ether as a medium for light wave transmission ran into serious opposition in the late 1800s, but it was not disregarded until the early 1900s, when Albert Einstein proposed alternate explanations for the wave nature of light that did not rely upon a medium for transmission. The science philosopher Thomas Kuhn developed the term scientific paradigm to explain the working set of theories under which science operates. He did extensive work on the scientific revolutions that take place when one paradigm is overturned in favor of a new set of theories. His work suggests that the very nature of science changes when these paradigms are significantly different. The nature of physics prior to relativity and quantum mechanics is fundamentally different from that after their discovery, just as biology prior to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is fundamentally different from the biology that followed it. The very nature of the inquiry changes. One consequence of the scientific method is to try to maintain consistency in the inquiry when these revolutions occur and to avoid attempts to overthrow existing paradigms on ideological grounds. Occam’s Razor One principle of note in regards to the scientific method is Occam’s Razor (alternately spelled Ockhams Razor), which is named after the 14th century English logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. Occam did not create the concept- the work of Thomas Aquinas and even Aristotle referred to some form of it. The name was first attributed to him (to our knowledge) in the 1800s, indicating that he must have espoused the philosophy enough that his name became associated with it. The Razor is often stated in Latin as: entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem or, translated to English: entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity Occams Razor indicates that the most simple explanation that fits the available data is the one which is preferable. Assuming that two hypotheses presented have equal predictive power, the one which makes the fewest assumptions and hypothetical entities takes precedence. This appeal to simplicity has been adopted by most of science, and is invoked in this popular quote by Albert Einstein: Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. It is significant to note that Occams Razor does not prove that the simpler hypothesis is, indeed, the true explanation of how nature behaves. Scientific principles should be as simple as possible, but thats no proof that nature itself is simple. However, it is generally the case that when a more complex system is at work there is some element of the evidence which doesnt fit the simpler hypothesis, so Occams Razor is rarely wrong as it deals only with hypotheses of purely equal predictive power. The predictive power is more important than the simplicity. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Employees' Access to the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employees' Access to the Internet - Essay Example It is clear from the discussion, an organization must allow its employees to use the Internet freely but it must implement strict measures to deal with security issues. According to Australia’s one of the major communications companies, Telstra, there has been a three-fold increase in Australian employers limiting the access of their workers to social network sites in the space of 10 months. In fact, throughout the same duration the total number of URLs usually permissible while working has reduced by approximately 60%. (Davidsson) gives an interesting response to the facts by saying that â€Å"organizations should not block their employee’s Internet usage, not even social networking sites.† No doubt, limiting the employee’s access to the Internet can bring in full of nasty worms and a wide variety of security threats. In view of the fact that the needs of a professional workforce can cause anger and augment valuable turnovers however, limiting the employe es’ access to the Internet access can also decrease efficiency by making difficult or interrupting execution as well as completion of organizational activities. In fact, companies restricting employees’ access to the Internet specifically social networking sites will also cause a risk of preceding online networking chances, identifying critical agreements, leads and take delivery of appropriate industry news (Davidsson). In addition, (Davidsson) discusses the viewpoints of various researchers such as the research carried out by Dr Brent Coker while working at the University of Melbourne showed that employees who make use of the Internet just for enjoyment and entertainment at work within a realistic limit of approximately 20% of their total time they spent in the office are more fruitful and active by approximately 9% as compared to those who don’t have these facilities. Additionally, Coker also says that employees need to zone out for a bit to retrieve their at tention. In this scenario, small and self-effacing breaks for instance a rapid surf of the Internet, allows the brain to rest itself, and as a result leading to a higher total net attentiveness for a days’ work, and consequently, greater than before output.† Certainly, companies must take care of their resources and confirm that their employees make use of the Internet for work as intended. In fact, an organization does not just permit its workers to have full Internet access, close its eyes and hope for the best. According (Davidsson), â€Å"an organization must put into practice formal policies on the use of social networking sites in the place of work and the suitable and efficient software tools that help maintain those policies† (Davidsson). Many researches show that if organizations do not stop their employees from using the Internet, employees with unlimited and unnecessary Internet access will misuse their lots of precious time and open the network to vir uses, spyware and a wide variety of other security threats. On the other hand, an organization cannot just disconnect from the world. In this scenario, there is need to implement a set of rules and regulations in order to ensure effective use of the Internet. In addition, it must establish suitable use strategies, choosing and implementing security technology, and finding the way to deal with ethical and legal concerns.  

A Formal Business Letter to The Rose Theatre Kingston Essay

A Formal Business Letter to The Rose Theatre Kingston - Essay Example As a larger company with profits above  £1.5M you may be taxed at 30% of profit per annum. Another salient point is the advantage that British theatres have in their attraction for tourists. Consider that technology now allows relatively inexpensive advertising on a wider, international scale thanks to the Internet. The inclusion of your theatre on tourist group itineraries could increase exposure of your brand and aid in more consistently achieved full-houses. Further your brand name – The Rose Theatre – is certainly internationally marketable. Home/local productions appear to attract your largest audiences. Careful analysis is needed to identify the ideal balance of productions you stage: would designing your annual program around a majority of such local performances ensure optimum audience numbers, and hence sustainable and predictable margins? Within this analysis it must be noted that the auditorium at The Rose is exceptionally well-equipped and this factor should also aid in attracting â€Å"big name† producers, actors and performers – should more marketing resources be directed at attracting draw card â€Å"names† and hence a wider-ranging audience? Finally but perhaps most importantly, the upgrading of the facilities at the theatre, peripheral to the performance hall, must receive priority. The foyer, the ticket sales lobby, and the faà §ade must aid in raising the profile of the theatre. A strategy to source funding for such improvements is required as many of the proposals in this letter would have their implementation enhanced by a more traditional and inviting â€Å"complete† theatre experience at your venue. Hence a summary of three suggestions each of which will help to enable the ultimate priority: planning the correct balance of productions staged both to attract wider audiences; raising the profile of the theatre among national theatre personalities and tourist audiences;

Essay --

Cancer can develop anywhere in the body. Cells grow abnormally and become cancerous because of environmental factors, such as smoking cigarettes and exposure to radiation; genetics, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and even just luck (Stern et al., 2004). Even though genetics play the primary role in the development of cancer, the environment in which one lives also contributes to the chances of getting cancer. Some of the environmental factors that influence the development of cancer include alcohol use, obesity, asbestos, HIV, and Down’s syndrome. Cancer affects people of all ages. In infants and children, genetic abnormalities are generally the primary cause of cancer. Individuals over the age of 55 years old make up more than 80% of all cancers (Stern et al., 2004). 2.3 MYTHS ABOUT CANCER According to Aronson (2010), cancer is a humiliating and punishing disease as its treatments often deny people of the organs that give them their gender-identity, their sense of wholeness, and beauty. After treatment, patients also often feel less than whole. For them, cancer is not just a physical disease but rather a state of mind and a reason for societal quarantine and judgment. It is not discussed freely or accepted objectively. Cancer is seen as a "taint" upon the family, just as HIV is viewed as a disease that needs to be hidden away. There are many misconceptions across all ethnic and racial groups regarding cancer. Many believe that since no one in their family previously had cancer, then they would not get cancer. People also have a false impression that if they are healthy then they would not develop cancer (McGarvey & Brenin, 2005). According to Frymark, there are three chief myths about cancer: 1. Although chemothera... ...e. Among the members of the Solanaceae family, Solanumaculeastrumwas the most common plant used for the treatment of cancer (Koduru, Grierson & Afolayan, 2007). Scientists these days are also investigating traditional medicine for anti-cancerous effects. A popular ayurvedic herb Ashwagandha, frequently known as â€Å"Indian Winter cherry† or â€Å"Indian Ginseng† is used in ayurvedic medicine in a way similar to that Panax ginseng used in traditional Chinese medicine. This herb is normally used for its wide range of health advantages. Withaferin A, which derived from this medicinal plant, it often used for its anti-tumorigenic activity against various cancer cells. Withaniasomnifera flowers are small and green and the roots are mostly used for medicinal purposes. It is cultivated in the drier regions of India such as Punjab and Rajasthan (Singh, Verma, Pandey & Gilca, 2011).

Major Differences Between Islam and Judaism Essay

After doing some research on the religions Islam and Judaism, I’ve found many links between the two as well as many differences and similarities. Some major similarities are: Both religions are monotheistic, meaning belief in one only true God. Both religions believe in a distinct afterlife being either good or bad depending on how a person has led their life according to their religion. Judaism and Islam both have writings with describings of how one should live as a part of either religion (Qur’an and the Torah). There are rules regarding eating restrictions such as only being able to consume Halal (in the name of Allah) produced goods in Islam and eating Kosher meat in Judaism. Both religions have special holidays to celebrate various historical and spiritual events of their beliefs. Both religions have special headwear – a Jewish yarmulke worn by men during prayer and a hijab worn by Islamic women conforming to a standard of modesty. Some major differences are: Judaism is over one millenium older than Islam. Islam is a far more strict belief with many more demands and rules compared to Judaism. Judaism has a sabbath – day of rest while Islam believes that Allah – God does not need rest. Similarities include belief in one God, preserving the faith through prophets, scriptures and observance of religious laws through expression of faith or submission. The major difference is that while Islam acknowledges that the Old Testament once was Allah’s true revelation, they believe it was altered by the Jews to reflect Jewish views and opinions. The Jews are seen by Muslims as once having true revelation and submitting to Allah, but now being misled, unbelieving and no longer in submission. Both Judaism and Islam have changed over time. Judaism began with Abraham essentially promising to only worship the one true God in which God pledged to uphold a special relationship with Abraham’s descendants. Over time, God introduced the law to the people of Israel of which to observe their faith in him as the one and only God, but by the time of Jesus, the law had merely become a stone cold tradition and faith of something of the past. Islam, too, has changed over time though there are some uncertainties of the details. Islam began with Allah’s first revelation to Muhammad. It was mainly a warning to the Arabs who were practicing polygamy and worshipping false gods to turn to the one and only true Allah. Yet, there is a strong probability that Muhammad was simply influenced by Christian and Jewish traders coming through his city. The idea is that he wasn’t thoroughly impressed by their behavior, so he sought his own version of a monotheistic religion by adding commands from Allah regarding issues in life. Later on, people realized that the Qur’an didn’t fully cover how to be a muslim in everyday life. The Hadith was created. The Hadith is a saying or a sort of guidance sought to relate to how Muhammad or his close friends would have decided on a particular issue. These have some authority within Islam today. Believers of Judaism more or less see Islam as an attempted copy and distortion of Jewish monotheism because Islam dismisses the Jewish revelation in scripture and therefore seeks a path other than the one described in Jewish scripture. Also, Islam rejects Jews as God’s chosen people, which goes against the basic Jewish belief. The subject at hand could be, and has been, argued for an eternity. It is clear there are vast similarities, likewise differences between Judaism and Islam. Personally, I do not believe in any religion, though they are quite interesting to study.

Canadian Technology The Three Men Who Shaped It All Essay...

Robert Samuel McLaughlin gave a great deal of his time contributing to the growth of technology by founding McLaughlin Carriage Company Limited. Born in Cavan Township, Upper Canada on the sixteenth of November 1836 McLaughlin started his journey of creating his own company.18 At the prime age of forty-eight, McLaughlin built Oshawa Carriage Works.19 It was a three story brick factory which shortly became known as McLaughlin Carriage.20 The company continued to grow impressively through out years though the trade had been dyeing out through the 1890s.21 With all this growth Robert Samuel McLaughlins business opened its first branch in Saint John, December 1896.22 Not only did McLaughlin work hard with his company McLaughling†¦show more content†¦Known as the father of Biological engineering, John Hopps unintentionally created the first pacemaker in 1949 after being recruited by Dr. John.C .Caligram and Dr.Wilfred.G .Bigalow.32 The challenge: to keep the heart beating whi le in surgery.33 The bulky external mechanism worked by using vacuum tubes to generate electrical pulses into an insulated wire inserted inside of the jugular vein.34 This allowed the device to deliver shocks to the right atrium and keep the heart beating mechanically.35 The pacemaker could also change the heart rate or even restart the heart itself.36 The first test was successfully done on a dog, then some years later it was also done on a human.37 Hopps device not only saved the lives of others, but also himself.38 In 1984 John Hopps received a pacemaker which lasted him a good thirteen years.39 He the passed in 1998.40 To commemorate his death in 1999 the National Engineering Week honored the pacemaker as one of the five most significant Canadian Engineering accomplishments of the Twentieth Century.41 John Hopps invention lead to the implantable pacemaker in 1958 and the most recent ones which are about the size of a U.S.B storage device.42 Without this invention the lives of many would be lost.43 7 Canadians have contributed great amount to the growth of technologyShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"The battle for Canadian liberty and autonomy is being fought today on the plains of France and1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The battle for Canadian liberty and autonomy is being fought today on the plains of France and Belgium,† Borden said while introducing conscription. 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My Visit to the Brooklyn Museum - 942 Words

During my visit to the Brooklyn Museum, I found it both intriguing and informative. The layout of the exhibition was divided into about three to four sections. Each section of the museum represented a movement of the 60’s. The themes represented were segregation of blacks and whites, how they tried to gain equality and the changes they anticipated would happen in the future. The artwork throughout the exhibit was displayed in a varying gradient of black and white to colors. The type of background information provided in the exhibit were captions under each artwork specifying the artists’ name, the year and time it was created and what message the artwork was trying to portray. I did find the information that was provided to me helpful because it gave me an insight on to what the specific artwork was about and the message it was trying to convey to the me, the viewer. One artwork I observed in this exhibit was David Hammons (American, b. 1943). The Door (Admissions Offic e), 1969. 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Impression management in accounting Example

Essays on Impression management in accounting Essay Impression Management in Accounting Number: Introduction Impression management theory is one of the theories being applied in the 21st century in controlling information. It refers to the process or activity whose main goal is to control information specifically in order to sway the perception of the audience (Cunningham, 2013, p.45). Under this type of management, managers are interested with influencing the impressions of the other people such as friends and enemies, influence objects such as products or organizations, events like task performance, ideas such as socialism versus capitalism among other aspects. Often, impression management is bewildered with self-presentation (Cunningham, 2013, p.45). Self-presentation refers to a scenario whereby individuals try to control their own impressions rather than that of the other people or other business entities. Under impression management, the management’s focus on controlling the its image or impression over some objects and events which is a vital element in effective interaction. Impression management theory is gaining some popularity in the accounting sector in the modern world since the scope of accounting information has been experiencing tremendous growth with the accounting reports being released influencing major factors in the business organization. However, dominance of this type of management in the accounting sector has been negatively affecting the comprehension, reliability as well as the relevance of accounting information. Therefore, this calls for ways of reducing or standardizing accounting information while at the same time reducing chances of application of impression management in the accounting reports since such a room would only affect the reliability of the information given hence lowering the quality of the information given. According to the impression ma nagement theory, business organizations or individuals are required to create and maintain opinions that are consistent with the impression they want to create to the public (Cunningham, 2013, p.45). The theory also explains ways in which individuals can establish and maintain their good public image. Voluntary disclosures refer to the information released by business organizations as part of their annual reports even though they are not required by the law to do so. The released information is meant for enlightening all the stakeholder about the crucial decisions that the management could have made. Voluntary information mostly encompasses management projections, forecast, analysts’ presentations, press release, financial press and the industry’s expert analysis just to mention a few. These types of disclosures are very common in the modern world since managements are using them as a way of providing extra information to clarify issues of concern that might have caused dissatisfactions of the stakeholders from the released mandatory reports. Mandatory financial reports refer to the information that business organizations are required by law or company’s act to release. Mostly organizations are required to disclose crucial financial reports to the public espe cially for public companies as per the accounting standards or stock exchange regulations. The theory of voluntary and mandatory reports explains reasons why it is necessary for corporates to release the two reports and more so voluntary disclosures. Some of the main reasons are attraction of new shareholders, which creates and maintain high demand for the corporates shares, minimizing information risks, which would lead in lowering the cost of capital and in helping the company in raising capital. Such information may also create a good public image of the organization by disclosing information relating to the activities that the company has engaged in that are socially responsible. Corporate narratives refers to the stories that are written the organizations management communicating about the relevance of the business entity and what it offers to the customers lives be it personal or within the business context . The narratives are termed as a highly effective way of capturing the attention of the customers and the public in general. Great stories lead to more customer attractions and at times, they may end up having a bigger impact in the market place than the typical marketing hence generating more revenue for the organization. However, for the narratives to be effective, they have to meet some standards in terms of credibility, readability, understandability, variability, textual characteristics among other elements. It is very important for corporate narratives to be readable and be easy for manipulation or variance. Poorly prepared narratives may end up not communicating the desired message to the public at all since they only narratives are only confusing and distracting. However, the level to which readability of the narratives can be influenced is limited. At times, the narratives may be left confusing deliberately purposely so as to make the readers to probe more about the organization hence in the process the management conveying the desired message. Readability is influenced by two factors namely managerial manipulation and writer’s incompetence. Nevertheless, in both situations, the narratives could be made difficult to read intentionally or intentionally even though mostly it can only happen deliberately because most corporates hire professionals to write these narratives. Understandability of the narratives is another crucial aspect that the writer should lay special focus on. Incomprehensible stories are likely to make the public more confused with the intended message being not delivered at all. Easily understandable narratives are interesting while reading and remain in the readers’ memory for long. The narratives should also be easily variable depending on the circumstances so that the management can easily manipulate it. The text used should make readability easy as well as make the writing more attractive for the customers to be eager to read it. Unappealing writings are likely to be ignored by customers. The narratives should focus on the company’s strengths by giving good news that is likely to win the confidence of the stakeholders over the company’s performance. Well-presented financial reports can promote the image of the organizations to the community (Gibson, 2009, p.65). This is achieved by use of graphs in the end year reports which focuses on relationships, makes analyzing of data easy hence saving time as well as help in making the readers to remember the report more clearly. It also makes reading easier even for the people who do not know how to read by highlighting key points. Graphs are mostly used for representing financial information such as company’s profit growth in profit and its decrease in expenditure among other crucial reports. However, some corporates tend to misuse graphs in communicating information that does not require use of graphs. In addition, excessive use of graphs as well as biased labeling can also be termed as misleading or distorted graphs. Some of the potential bias in the financial graphs include improper labeling, deliberate erroneous scale as well as using a truncated graph whose y-axis scale doe s not start from zero (Gibson, 2009, p.65). In conclusion, impression management involves activities that the management applies deliberately in order to influence the other people’s perception on matters concerning events or objects. This type of management has gained popularity over time especially in the accounting sector whereby management control the information released by their accounting reports specifically to influence people. This ends up affecting the quality and reliability of the given information. It is important for a business to release voluntary disclosures for they help in clarify issues off greater concern to the public that the compulsory annual reports may not elaborate. Use of corporates narratives plays a major role in marketing the company. They should be prepared by a professional so as to make them easily readable and comprehensible. Graphical representation of annual financial reports play creates a good image of the company. It should be free from biases as well as not be over used. Some of the common biases common are improper labeling as well as scale error, which could be done intentionally. Bibliography Cunningham, C. 2013. Social networking and impression management: Self-presentation in the digital age. Lanham: Lexington Books. Gibson, C. H. 2009. Financial reporting analysis: Using financial accounting information. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Top of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Top of Form Top of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form

International Communication Focusing on Fifa 2014 Free Essays

string(32) " vendor and the ticket scalper\." Vuvuzelas sound and it fills the stadiums with a noise that is still heard ringing in the ears of millions days later, even months after it has ended. The overwhelming feeling of excitement spreads through the veins of everyone watching and those on the edge of their seats just waiting for the next goal to be scored, determining who wins the world cup and takes home the famous gold â€Å"FIFA World Cup Trophy. † The World Cup is a tournament that comes every four years and lasts a month long with tournaments every day from June 13th- July 13th The World Cup brings in a whirlwind of excitement and emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on International Communication Focusing on Fifa 2014 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This victorious event will be held in Brazil in the year of 2014 but before June 13th hits, there is a massive amount of planning to be done. With all the preparations leading up to the World Cup we will capture the trials and tribulations through the eyes of four locals in Rio de Janeiro. First, we will film one year before hand and capture everyday life without the World Cup. We will take a look at how Brazilians live their lives on a day to day basis without the chaos and media attention of the event. We will do this by following four individuals, interviewing them about how they feel about the World Cup and how it is affecting their daily routine. Our second round of filming will place our crews with the same four peole on the day of the first game in Rio de Janeiro. The World Cup takes the world by storm every four years. While in America, soccer has just recently gained a large following, it has been a way of life for generations in many countries throughout the world. We can identify with this phenomenon somewhat if we relate it to the impact of the Olympics when they were held in Atlanta, Georgia in 1996. An event of this scale becomes all-consuming and places the city and country under a worldwide microscope. The World Cup produces a whirlwind of excitement with years of preparation that costs and generates millions of dollars. Many sports in America have a strong following and fan-base, but nothing can truly be compared to that of soccer overseas. Countries such as Mexico, Spain and Brazil look at soccer, its players, and the games, as a way of life. Brazil especially has been known for its talented and renowned soccer (â€Å"futebol†) team throughout the years and they have won five World Cups. From the outside looking in, Brazil has been known as one of the powerhouses, if not the powerhouse of soccer worldwide. The fact that FIFA and all of the other governing and deciding bodies have chosen to place the World Cup 2014 in Brazil generates further excitement, but also places this country under close watch from viewers worldwide. As we saw with the World Cup 2010 in South Africa, a country can be drastically altered and affected by such a large-scale event. We want to create this documentary to shed light on the impacts, trials and jubilation of such an incredible event. While many see the benefits of hosting such an event, there are plenty of drawbacks as well. We want to create an in-depth look of this phenomenon, the World Cup, and show also how it affects the country that is producing the event. So much goes on behind the scenes and many lives are impacted, whether negatively or positively. By following four real people with everyday jobs and average, normal lives, we hope to inform the public of the on-goings of the preparation for the World Cup, as well as how individual lives are impacted. We want to follow four people; a ticket scalper, police officer, a fan and a street vendor. Through this we hope to achieve a more personal view of such an immensely grand event. We want to inform the public of the preparations involved in the World Cup as well as the madness that ensues once it all begins. We will chronicle this massive worldwide soccer tournament through the eyes of normal everyday Rio de Janeiro citizens in the attempt to show a real-life perspective of a fantastical and media-centric event. While there are documentaries aplenty, ours is unique in that it shows the impact on a country and its citizens, something many viewers of the World Cup never consider. By creating a personal and impactful narrative that comments on economic repercussions, nationalism and pride, we hope to appeal to viewers who want to see a cultural view of soccer that has never before been created. Nicknamed â€Å"Cidade Maravilhosa† — Portuguese for â€Å"marvelous city† — Rio de Janeiro conjures many images including Ipanema Beach and the famous Cristo Redentor statue atop Corcovado Mountain. But in 2014, one of the most important global sporting events, the World Cup, will arrive in Brazil where soccer — or futebol as they know it — is the lifeblood of the culture. After FIFA announced Brazil as the hosts of the 2014 World Cup on October 30, 2007, a different set of images would materialize for the population of Rio de Janeiro. Once upon a time it was the site of the final match of the 19 50 World Cup in Maracana Stadium. Uruguay came from behind to beat its host 2-1, even though Brazil was heavily favored after eliminating previous opponents Spain and Sweden. Since then, Rio de Janeiro has been home to some of Brazil’s most popular soccer clubs: Botafogo, Fluminense, Vasco da Gama and Flamengo. With a past and present such as this, tensions and expectations will undoubtedly be high, especially where soccer is so inter-meshed with their culture. Choosing to film in Rio de Janeiro will capture much of this drama associated with the World Cup as we follow our four subjects: the police officer, the fan, the street vendor and the ticket scalper. You read "International Communication Focusing on Fifa 2014" in category "Essay examples" In general, we want to keep the area surrounding Maracana Stadium as our locus of interest, but this isn’t necessarily realistic. The subjects have dynamic lives each and every day, especially as the World Cup draws closer, so it may be difficult to remain under the shadow of the venue. As each subject travels through different areas of the city, the camera crews will have to make critical judgment calls about when to uncap the lens. Our film crews can expect to capture the best footage in some of Rio de Janeiro’s most exciting sites. The city is known for its soccer, tourism, night life and beaches, but we will want to focus on the North Zone. It contains several neighborhoods and important tourist attractions, including our primary filming location, Maracana Stadium, which is located in the Tijuca neighborhood. It is home to many of the middle class residents and also the lower class favelas, which are crime-ridden neighborhoods filled with poorly built shanties. Our police officer will certainly be answering calls from this poor section of Rio de Janeiro where our ticket scalper is a resident. Our street vendor and soccer fan will also be residents of the Rio North Zone. It is there in the North Zone that we will want to follow each of our characters into their homes. Once inside their homes, our camera crews can film the effects of the World Cup on the Brazilian household unit. We will discover just how the home family life is transformed both demographically and psycho-graphically. Questions can be answered such as: a) Has new disposable income, as provided by the World Cup’s economic opportunities, increased the family’s standard of living? b) Has Brazilian pride in its national sport entered the home life? c) Has the importance of home security changed due to the hysteria associated with the World Cup? Once these questions are answered, a more complete view of the character is revealed and analyzed by the audience. Another set of important sites will be public centers for transportation. The primary modes of transportation are by municipal train and bus lines since driving by car is very difficult. Due to a great deal of highway congestion, cars often move at a snail-like pace. Important themes will manifest themselves as we travel to and from each location. These places, which are usually replete with a colorful culture, will be amplified in the presence of the World Cup. The documentary will actively connect the dots between Brazil’s national pride and their national sport at these various locations. The Maracana Stadium will be the most important site. There we will capture each of our characters’ paths intersecting outside and inside the venue. The fan will obviously be destined for the stadium itself; the street vendor will set up shop as close to the stadium as possible so as to snag the most consumers as possible; and the policeman will have critical interactions with the ticket scalper, who will be acting against the law. Many memorable characters exist in a documentary just like any other genre of film. The goal is to capture reality but there is no need to move away from the act of story telling. The idea behind the characters of our documentary is that they are all connected through each other by the duties they perform throughout the documentary.. Our first character to appear is the police officer. Juan Sminho is 38 and works for the Rio de Janeiro tourist police. He performs regular policing in the streets of Rio by assisting tourists and pointing them in the proper direction to where they are headed. Juan also performs similar duties to what the united states police force does but he is not as involved with crime as our police forces are. He lives on the north side in a two bedroom apartment with his wife and brother. He does not come from a wealthy family but did inherit some from his parents when they were murdered 10 years ago in a robbing which pushed him to become part of the Brazil police force to keep things like that from happening to other families. He will show the audience what it is like in everyday life as a tourist officer, then there will be a dramatic change of pace a year later on the chaotic streets of Rio where his duties are truly put to the test with all the tourist in town for the World Cup games. Juan’s duties will be to perform crowd control, assist tourists and seek out ticket scalpers; this is a highly illegal offense in Brazil. Most everyone has seen a ticket scalper before, but if not, they are the ones that stand on the corners of concert/sport venues and sell those last minute tickets needed for the fans. Ticket scalping is very illegal in Brazil and punishable by jail time, but that does not stop our scalper from risking it all for some extra cash. We will follow Gustavo Silva, a thirty-four year old Rio native who has never left the North region. He works as a ticket scalper primarily, but during the slow months tries to make ends meet by helping out at his parents’ modest fruit stand in the outskirts of Rio. The popularity of soccer as a sport, particularly in Brazil, directly effects his livelihood and well-being. Seeing Gustavo in his element both before and during the World Cup will create a dynamic story for the viewers. Viewers will identify with Gustavo’s endearing and persuasive personality because of his hard-working attitude. Ticket scalping just became illegal in Brazil, which is obviously a threat for Gustavo. The documentary will show the discrepancies in this law as it is not seriously enforced until the World Cup in 2014. The effects of this on Gustavo will prove to be detrimental. With money being tight and having to find work wherever possible, some residents of Rio do not have a choice. Our team has high hopes for our scalper that he will sell a ticket to our next character, the fan. What is a team without its fans; similar to a sandwich without bread. A sandwich does not exist without bread much like a team would be nowhere without fans. Soccer fans have been seen taking their â€Å"fandom† to the extreme, but the more extreme it is, the more the team feels honored and welcome. Brazil soccer fans are famous throughout the world for their enthusiasm and carnival atmosphere at the World Cup. Many soccer managers will often claim that soccer fans can act as an extra man or the infamous â€Å"12th Man† and this is certainly the case when Brazil plays in front of over 100,000 soccer fans at the famous Maracana Stadium. The fans are not always as supportive though, in fact, they can be rather harsh. This was shown when the team came home after the 2006 world cup without a win, according to Kevin McNally of E-zine Articles. We hope to capture all this excitement while following around our dedicated fan, if Brazil loses then it is possible that our film gets even more interesting with the outrage that the country will have on them. Choosing a fan for our documentary was tough but we have found one who truly shows the spirit needed to connect with our audience. Paulo Cardoso is originally from Rio and lived there until he was 18. Once old enough, he moved to the United States to attend college but soon wanted to return to his home country after graduating. Paulo is a business major but is currently working at his parents coffee shop as a manager to help them out. He is 28 and has been an avid futebol fan since he was born, according to him. Every four years he gathers around the big screens in Rio to watch Brazil triumph, or try to, over their competitors. He will take us through the festivals in Rio including â€Å"Fan Fest Rio 2014. † His grandfather attended the World Cup in 1950 when it was last held in Brazil followed by the World Cup in 1978 held in Argentina and this time Paulo’s father went alongside. Paulo has been saving as much money as he can to be able to hold the tickets that so many others strive to have. He does not plan on buying a ticket before the games due to hopefully cheaper prices on game day. He will be a huge help on guiding us around Rio due to our unfamiliarity to the city. Paulo brings to the documentary the familiar language of English but with the Brazilian traditions that we could all stand to learn from. He as well as many other fans will interact with many people but as always, he will buy some form of merchandise from a street vendor before the game. This will allow for our fan and street vendor to interact with one another. There will be a numerous amount of street vendors trying to sell anything they have that represents the world renowned Brazil â€Å"Futebol† Team. Our film crews will follow around one vendor who sets up shop close to the stadium in hopes of catching the most business. Gearing up for the World Cup takes a lot of preparation, which is why it is imperative that we catch her one year before hand before she starts ordering merchandise and preparing for the mass amounts of fans to flood the city of Rio. Claudia Trigoso, 26, lives in the favelas in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Under normal circumstances Claudia deals with irregular employment due to his low socioeconomic standing, but the arrival of the World Cup will give her the opportunity to transform her situation. She has applied to Eurosport catalog to sell some of their merchandise near Maracana stadium. Soon, with the proper licenses, she will be cleared by Rio’s municipal administrators to set up in this area. Claudia hopes she can make enough profit to start a business of her own after the World Cup and its excitement wane. With this in mind, she might someday have the opportunity to move out of the North Zone favelas into a safer, more affluent neighborhood where she hopes to start a family of her own. In addition to highlighting the changes from life before the World Cup to life uring the tournament from the perspective of our four main characters, our camera crew will venture out into the streets and local pubs. Our crew will conduct first-hand interviews with everyday citizens to get a better grasp on the impact of the World Cup on the people of Rio. The filming crew will ask the public questions pertaining to how the World Cup has economically impacted their businesses, their transportation around the city, and whether or not they will be watching or attending the World Cup. There are many components that go into making a documentary outside of the characters, locations and themes. While the overarching themes will make a large impact on our viewers, the intricate details disbursed throughout the film will contribute drastically to the overall feel of the documentary. Throughout the documentary our characters and locations will be introduced using typewriter text as it is typed across a blank screen. The segments will not necessarily be rigidly formatted but the characters will be introduced as they fall into place in the documentary. Aside from the interviews included in our film it will primarily remain in the observational category of documentary film making. By taking a third-party neutral approach to the film the audience will get a realistic and personal view into the lives of the residents of Rio. Our documentary will target a large demographic due to the emotional and sports aspects as well as the excitement generated from the FIFA World Cup overall. We hope to target ages eighteen to fifty by placing this sixty minute documentary on a major network such as ABC. We initially contemplated airing the documentary on ESPN because of its sports focus, but eventually agreed that ABC would be the best choice. Not only is it a well-respected major network, but our aim is to capture the World Cup viewers for our documentary. By airing Joga Bonito on the network that is already broadcasting all of the World Cup games, we will grab the attention of the avid soccer fans who will hopefully already be watching ABC (the World Cup games will be used as somewhat of a lead-in for our documentary). In order to generate even more viewers, we will air advertisements throughout the month of the World Cup tournament to create buzz and excitement. Throughout this month, the public will have plenty of time to hear and read about our documentary. The documentary â€Å"Joga Bonito† will air as a prime-time special a few days before the World Cup finals. The title of our documentary, Joga Bonito, is meant to evoke the spirit and essence of soccer and of Brazil. This term is Portuguese for â€Å"The Beautiful Game† which is commonly used to describe Association football, also known as futebol or soccer. When soccer was originally created and rules were formally established, it was referred to as â€Å"The Simplest Game†. This eventually evolved into The Beautiful Game, or Joga Bonito, when a famous Brazilian player named Pele named his biography The Beautiful Game. Because this term is now widely used when referring to the sport of soccer, and because of its roots and foundations in the country of Brazil, we saw Joga Bonito as a fitting title for our documentary. Joga Bonito will, as previously stated, offer to its viewers a discourse of national identity and the impact of the World Cup on the citizens of Brazil within the context of an emotional adventure through the streets of Rio. The juxtaposition of a personal look at the four characters and the mainstream international media event known as the World Cup will create a unique and powerful documentary. This concept appeals to the masses because it addresses a worldwide event. Within this discourse, however, we visit the personal implications of such an event and the role of nationalism and pride within an international context. By contrasting life before the World Cup with life during one of the first games, the drastic cultural and societal changes that occur in preparation of such an event will be highlighted. The emotional appeal of this documentary will intrigue viewers while informing them of international life and the results of an event that thrusts a nation into the international spotlight. How to cite International Communication Focusing on Fifa 2014, Essay examples