Neural Control Of Respiration Health And Social Care Essay

Neural Control Of Respiration Health And Social Care Essay Breathing is a complex behaviour which is governed by a variety of regulatory mechanism under the control of large part of central nervous system Breathing exercise improves lung volume and lung capacities and the term geriatrics comes from the Greek geron meaning old man and iatros meaning healer. However Geriatrics differs from gerontology, which is the study of the aging process itself. The by some as Medical Gerontology In geriatric age group decrease in thoracic mobility also results in decreased vital capacity, this decline in pulmonary function can negatively impact on older individuals ability to exercise Neurophysiological facilitation and diaphragmatic breathing exercise given to thorax give attachment to the respiratory muscles. Some of age related changes are: increase in rigidity of trachea and bronchi, decrease in elasticity of bronchial walls, decrease in cilia Age related changes in respiratory muscles show increase in contraction and relaxation time and alteration in diaphragm position and efficiency Changes in respiratory and pulmonary performance occur gradually allowing the elderly to continue to breathe effortlessly in the absence of pathological status. when the elderly are confronted with a little exersion or stress however, dysnea and other symptoms usually appear The prominent effect of age related changes on the respiratory system is reduced efficiency in ventilation and gas exchange. The respiratory system includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli [Ebersole and Hess 1998] NOSE Nose is readily visible appendage, which with age elongates downward and it has been suggested that this age related changes may account for the mouth breathing that occurs while the elder sleep and thus the lack of saliva production [Saxon And Etten 1994] TRACHEA Stiffening of the larynx and tracheal cartilage occurs as a result of calcification. The cilia that line the trachea and help to push up mucus, debris and dust into the pharynx makes it less effective, cilia decrease in number with decrease in respiratory epithelium and increase in bronchial mucus gland hypertrophy [Shumman 1995] CHEST WALL AND LUNGS According to Tockman[1995] when a person reaches 55, his or her respiratory muscles start to weaken. Chest wall compliance began to decrease and there is loss of elastic recoil as a result of ventilation and gas exchangs are affected. OXYGEN EXCHANGE The aged blood oxygen level is approximately 75mmhg, whereas blood oxygen level of younger adult ranges from 90mmhg to 95 mmhg RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS According to Tockmann airway problems experienced later in life are due to repeated inflammatory injuries, disruption of inflammatory mediators and humeral protection and tissue repair. The thorax or chest wall become less complain with age, meaning it gets stiffer because of calcification of the chondral cartilage or kypho scoliosis. This results in the chest wall becoming fixed in slight expanded position from which there is restriction in its ability to expand outward further or to contract inward. During normal breathing rib cage expansion accounts for about 40% in adult but only 30% in elderly (Rossi et al., 1996). The muscles of thoracic cage are the only skeletal muscles that must contract on a regular basis throughout the life span (Rossi et al., 1996). The strength of an old adults diaphragm is noted to about 28% less than the young adult (Enright, 1999). Whether cross linkage or changes in location and orientation of the individual elastic fibers within the lung (De martinis and timiras, 2003, culver and butler, 1985. Sparrow and Weiss, 1988). The alveolar ducts to become enlarged and the alveoli to fallen this results in more over staying within the alveolar duct rather than within the alveoli where oxygen exchange is more efficient (Demartins and Timiras, 2003). Elderly people are at an increased risk for lung infection and the body has many ways to protect against lung infection with aging, these defenses may weaken. The cough reflex may not trigger readily and the cough may be less forceful the hair like protection that line the airway cilia, are less able to move mucus up and out of the airway. 1.1 AIM AND NEED OF STUDY There are many biological researches done on neural control of respiration hence there is need of clinical implication to assist the integrity of such biological research It is needed to evaluate effectiveness of neuro physiological facilitation of respiration which can be evaluated by chest expansion It is needed to evaluate effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercise which can be evaluated by chest expansion 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY This a study on the effect of neurophysiological facilitation and diaphragmatic breathing exercise in improving chest expansion of geriatric population 1.3 HYPOTHESIS Null hypothesis There is no significant effect of neurophysiological facilitation technique compared with diaphramtic breathing technique in improving chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate, and inspiratory capacity. Alternative hypothesis There is significant effect of neurophysiological facilitation technique compared with diaphramtic breathing technique in improving chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate, and inspiratory capacity. 1.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 1. Diaphragmatic breathing exercise A breathing exercise that emphasizes the contraction and release of the diaphragm muscle to fully inflate the lung, there by engaging the muscle of the back and abdomen [by Marguerite Agle october29,2008] 2. Neurophysiological facilitation Neurophysiological facilitation of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that produce reflexive movement response in the ventilator apparatus to assist respiration 3. Chest expansion Chest wall expansion was defined as a circumferential measurement of chest wall where recorded in centimeter using rectractable tape 4. Peak expiratory flow rate Peak flowmeter measures the patients maximum speed of expiration or expiratory flow rate 5. Inspiratory capacity The volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Joy Varghese[2009] the effectiveness of the neurophysiological facilitation of respiration technique with chest physiotherapy technique in respiratory care of people with intellectual disability The PNF technique was found to be the main contributors to improvement in spo2 for subject with myotonic dystrophy [dr. Jennifer article published on online 29th march 2006,volume-7,issue-4 page 228-238] Inter costal stretch alter breathing pattern and respiratory muscle activity in conscious adult [volume 88, issue 2, February 2002, page 89-97. T. Pakree. FCerny and b.Bishop Jennifer and Ammani [2001] the proprioceptive and tactile stimuli selected produce remarkable consistent reflexive response in ventilator muscles Tucker et al [1999] suggest that there is an increase in chest wall movement and increase in lung volume Miller et al [1997] have considered the many neural structures that can potentially modifies the final output of the ventilatory muscles Duron and rose [1997] afferent input that activates the dorsal intercostal muscle is consistent where every intercostal space the dorsal part of external [inspiration] and the dorsal part of internal [expiration] intercostal muscles are antagonistic during quite breathing Destroyer [1997] inspiratory force of the diaphragm is also related to its opposition to the rib cage. Frazier et al 1997, Hilaire and Monteau 1997 afferent information from the lower intercostals and the abdominal muscles may facilitate phrenic motar neuron by a spinal reflex . emerging evidence suggest that phrenic afferent are more involve in respiratory regulation during stress breathing Richer et al [1997] efferent axons from the medullary neurons project to the inspiratory neurons in the spinal cord Frozer et al [1997] states that respiratory drive is regulated by information from sensory receptor within the airways ,lungs and respiratory muscles as well as central and peripheral chemoreceptor Hilare et al [1997] emerging evidence suggested that phrenic nerve are more involve in respiratory regulation during stress breathing James E zachazewski [1996] PNF techniques are used to place specific demand promoting or hastening the response of tissue through the use of stimulation of proprioceptor Carolyn kisner [1996] has given the result that the diaphragmatic breathing exercise is improving ventilation and chest expansion Scand j.t [1995] states that any exercise given to diaphragm, moblises chest wall and improves ventilation Vibekk[1991] pilot studies have shown improvement in lung function in subject with cystic fibrosis using these techniques Green and morhan [1985] breathing control in normal tidal breathing using lower chest with relaxation of upper chest and shoulder .diaphragm work to improve the work of inspiratory muscles Hamberg and lindahi [1981] have shown improvement in chest wall pain due thorasic spine disorder followed by these techniques Menkes and traysman [1977] breathing is regulated by a multiple of reflex, negative feedback circuit and feed forward mechanism Bethene [1975 and 1976] neurophysiological facilitation of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that produce reflexive movement response in ventilator apparatus to assist respiration .the response they elicit appear to alter the rate and depth of breathing Sumi[1973] studies tactile and pressure receptor in the cat and reported thorasic cutaneous fields for both inspiratory and expiratory motar neurons he proposed the local cutaneous stimulus of the thorasic would then tend to reflexively produce an inspiratory position of rib cage Franstin [1970] experiment with decerebrate in cat have demonstrated that there is increase muscle tone also involves the intercostals muscles providing the respiratory muscle also obeys brain stem mechanism Voss [1967] tactile cules on PNF are mainly provided by therapist manual contact which facilitate movement through or promote relaxation, manual contact must applied to agonist to facilitate maximal response Eklud et al [1964] demonstrated reflex effect on intercostal motar activity in response to stimulation of artery from overlying skin 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research design The research design of this study is experimental, comparative in nature 3.2 Settings The study was conducted in RVS hospital 3.3 Criteria for selection 3.4 Inclusion criteria Geriatric Population Only Males Age Above 60 -70Years 3.5 Exclusion criteria subject with recent rib fracture patient with coronary disease patient with recent surgery patient with systemic illness 3.6 Sample population 30 subject and 15 in each group 3.7 Method of sampling Random sampling technique 3.8 VARIABLE USED IN THE STUDY Independent variable Diaphragmatic breathing exercise Neurophysiological facilitation Dependent variable Chest expansion Peak expiratory flow rate Inspiratory capacity 3.9 METHODOLOGY 30 subject are selected and divided into two groups The procedure was explained to subject Group A- treated with diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group B- treated with neurophysiological facilitation technique Hence both the group are treated and after 10 days chest expansion measured along with peak expiratory flow rate and inspiratory capacity TECHINIQUES DIAPHRAGMATIC BREATHING EXERCISE Prepare the patient in relaxed and comfortable position in which gravity assist the diaphragm such as semi reclining position If your examination reveals that the patient initiate the breathing pattern with the accessory muscles of respiration. Start instruct by teaching the patient how to relax those muscles[shoulder rool or Shoulder shrugle coupled with relaxation place your hand on the rectus abdominal muscle just below the anterior costal margin ask the patient to breathe slowly and deeply through the nose. Have the patient keep the shoulder relaxed and upper chest quite allowing the abdomen to rise slightly then tell the patient to relax and exhale slowly through the mouth. Have the patient practice this 3or 4 times and then rest. Do not allow the patient to hyperventilate If the patient is having difficulty in using the diaphragm during inspiration have the patient inhale several times in succession through nose by using sniffing action this action used to facilitate diaphragm NEURO PHYSIOLOGICAL FACILITATION TECHINIQUE 1. Inter costal stretch Intercostal stretch is provided by applying pressure to upper border of rib in a direction that will widen the space above it pressure should be applied in downward direction not inward, stretch is maintained as the patient continues to breathe in his usual manner, as the stretch is maintained, a gradual increase in inspiratory movement in and around area being stretched occur. When performing over an area of instability as in presence of paradoxical movement of upper rib cage or over decrease mobility. This procedure is effective in restoring normal breathing pattern where epigastric excursion can be observed and increase in area being stretched. This represents reflexive activation of diaphragm by intercostal afferent that innervate its margin. 2. Vertebral pressure Position of patient: Supine lying Procedure: A firm pressure is applied directly over the vertebrae of upper and lower thoracic cage activates dorsal intercostal muscles, pressure should be appl;ied with open hand and must be firm enough to provide some stretch. i) Vertebral pressure high Manual pressure to upper thoracic vertebrae T2 T5 Response obtain was increase in epigastric excursion. Deep breathing ii) Vertebral pressure low Pressure over lower thoracic vertebrae T7- T 10 Response obtain was increase in respiratory movement of apical thorax. 3. Anterior stretch lifting posterior basal area Position of patient: Supine lying Procedure: Placing t he hands under ribs and lifting gently upward. The lift is maintained and provides a maintained stretch and pressure posteriorly and anterior stretch. Response obtain as a result the lift is sustained and stretch is maintained and increase in movement of ribs in lateral and posterior direction can be seen and felt, increase in epigastric movement and expansion of posterior basal. Maintained manual pressure From contact of open hands is maintained over an area in which expansion is desired gradual increase in excursion of ribs under contact will be felt. This is useful procedure to obtain expansion in any situation where pain is present for instance when there is chest tubes or cardiac surgery which may have required splinting of sternum. Manual contact over the posterior chest wall is also useful and comfortable for person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5. Perioral pressure Perioral stimulation is provided by applying firm maintained pressure to the patient top lip being carefully not to occlude the nasal passage (the use of surgical gloves to avoid contamination) the response to this stimuli is brief for 5 seconds a period of apnea followed by increase in epigastric excursion. Pressure is maintained for the length of time the therapist wishes the patient to breath in active pattern. As the stimuli is maintained the epigastric excursion may increase so that movement is transmitted to the upper chest and the patient appears to deep breathing. 6. Co contraction of the abdomen Pressure is applied simultaneously over the patents lower lateral ribs and over the ilium in direction right angle to the patient. Moderate force is applied and maintained roods believe that this procedure increase tone in abdominal muscles and activates diaphragm. The response obtain are depression of umbilicus, as the pressure is maintained increase abdominal tone is seen and palpated, in the presence of retained secretion abdominal contraction may produce coughing (as ventilation increase cough can occur in any procedure), in obese abdominal co-contraction has frequently result in decrease abdominal girth. PROCEDURE METHODS OBSERVATION 1.PERIORAL PRESSURE 2.[1]VERTEBRAL PRESSURE HIGH 2[2].VERTEBRAL PRESSURE LOW 3.ANTERIOR STRETCH LIFTING POSTERIOR BASAL AREA 4.CO-CONTRACTION OF ABDOMEN 5.INTERCOSTAL STRETCH 6. MAINTAINED MANUAL PRESSURE Pressure is applied to the patients toplip by the therapist fingers and maintained Manual pressure to thoracic vertebrae in region of T2-T5 Manual pressure to thoracic veretebrae In region of T7-T10 Patient supine Hands under lower ribs lifting upward Pressure laterally over ribs and pelvis Alternate right and left side Stretch on expiratory phase maintained Moderate pressure of open hands Increase epigastric excursion, Deep breathing, Mouth closure, Swallowing, Increase epigastric, exursion Deep breathing, Increased respiratory Movement of apical thorax Expansion of posterior basal area Increasing epigastric movement, increase muscle contraction, decrease girth in obese Increase movement of area being stretched Gradual increase of area under contact 3.10 MEASURING TOOL Inch tape Peak flow meter Incentive spirometer CHEST EXPANSION Chest expansion measured with a measuring tape in 3 levels 1. Axillary 2. Nipple 3. Xiphisternum The measurement is taken at full inspiration and at full expiration The measurement at expiration-the measurement at inspiration gives the amount of chest expansion. PEAK FLOW METER A peak flow meter measures the patient maximum speed of expiration or expiratory flow rate PROCEDURE Make sure the peak flow meter reads zero Stand up right The mouth piece should be cleaned with antiseptic in each use Form a tight seal with the lips around the mouth piece Take a deep breath Blow as hard and as fast as the person can until all the air is gone from the lungs If the patient cough or make mistake, just repeat. In between each attempt, make sure the peal flow meter reads zero Take some deep breath between peak flow attempts if the person feels dizzy. Stop the testing and sit down for few minutes before continuing. Do not put the tongue inside the hole do not cover the hole and the back of the peak flow meter when holding it. Record the readings shown in peak flow meter. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER PROCEDURE 1. Hold the incentive Spiro meter upright 2. Breath out normally, close your lips tightly around the mouth piece and inhale slowly through your mouth. This slow deep breath will raise the ball in clear chamber of the Spiro meter 3. Continue to breath in, trying it raise the ball as high as you can. Read the volume that you have achieved by raise in ball 4. When you feel like you cannot breathe in any longer, take your breath for3to 5 seconds then breathe out slowly 5. After you have taken 10 deep breaths on your incentive Spiro meter, it is important to cough to try to remove secretion that build up in your lungs 6. Incase of surgery splint your incision with pillow or blanket. 7. Measure the level of raise in ball during breath. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION The data collected was subjected to pairedt test individually for group A and group B using formulas. Formula 1 d = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ d/n Where, d = difference between pre test and post test values d = is the mean value of d n = is the number of subjects à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (d-d)2 (n -1) Æ’-Formula 2: Standard deviation SD = Formula 3: Standard Error (S.E) = SD Æ’-n t calculated value = d S.E Formula 4: t cal = d S.E Where, t cal is the t calculated value INDEPENDENTt TEST Æ’- Formula 1: S= (n1-1)s12 + (n2-1) s22 n1+n2 -2 Where, s is the standard deviation n1 is the number of subject in group A n2- is the number of subject in group B s1 is the standard deviation of group A s2 is the standard deviation of group B Æ’- Formula2 S.E = S 1/n12 + 1/n22 Where, s is the standard deviation S.E. is the standard error Formula 3 X1 X2 t cal = S.E Where, X1 is the average of difference in values between pretest and post test X2 is the average of difference in values between pretest and post test Paired T test [comparison of pretest and posttest mean] Pairedt test 1. Chest expansion TABLE 1 Axillary level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pretest mean 1.13 1.46 Posttest mean 2.6 2.73 S.D 0.5168 0.4582 In group A the mean chest expansion for (axillary level), pre test value was 1.1 and post test value was 2.6 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.491 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (axillary level), pre test value was 1.46 and post test value was 2.73 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.650 statistically significant TABLE II Nipple level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pretest mean 1.93 2.00 Posttest mean 3.06 3.33 S.D 0.4423 0.4884 In group A the mean chest expansion for (Nipple level), pre test value was 1.93 and post test value was 3.06 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.894 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (Nipple level), pre test value was 2.00 and post test value was 3.33 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.546, statistically significant TABLE III Xiphisternal level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pre test mean 2.46 2.53 Post test mean 3.46 3.93 S.D 1.2489 0.5731 In group A the mean chest expansion for (Xiphisternal level), pre test value was 2.46 and post test value was 3.46 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 3.7213 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (Xiphisternal level), pre test value was 2.53 and post test value was 3.93 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.4611, statistically significance 2. Peak expiratory flow rate TABLE 1V Subject Peak expiratory flow rate Group A Group B Pre test mean 130.33 113 Post test mean 148 122 S.D 4.5512 7.7451 In group A the mean peak expiratory flow rate pre test value was 130.33 and post test value was 148 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 14.467which is greater than t value and in group B the mean peak expiratory flow rate pre test value was 113 and post test value was 122 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 11.001 and t calculated value is 9.4611, statistically significant 3. Inspiratory capacity TABLE V Subject Inspiratory capacity Group A Group B Pre test mean 1.2 1.26 Post test mean 2.6 2.86 S.D 0.5731 0.5209 In group A the mean inspiratory capacity pre test value was 1.2 and post test value was 2.6 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.4611 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean inspiratory capacity pre test value was 1.26 and post test value was 2.86 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 11.375, statistically significant GRAPH- I GROUP A (Chest Expansion: Axillary, Nipple, Xiphisterinal level) GRAPH-II GROUP B (Chest Expansion: Axillary, Nipple, Xiphisterinal level) GRAPH-III GROUP -A (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) GRAPH-IV GROUP -B (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) GRAPH-V GROUP -A (inspiratory capacity) GRAPH-VI GROUP -B (inspiratory capacity) Independent t test Chest expansion (axillary level) TABLE VI Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 2.6 2.73 Independent t test 0.7865 The independentt test value for chest expansion (axillary level) is 0.78650 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 2. Chest expansion (Nipple level) TABLE VII Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 3.06 3.33 Independent t test 1.1751 The independentt test value for chest expansion (Nipple level) is 1.1757 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 3. Chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) TABLE VIII Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 3.46 3.93 Independent t test 0.5641 The independentt test value for chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) is 0.5641 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 4. Peak expiratory flow rate TABLE IX Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 148 122 Independent t test 0.0555 The independent t test value for peak expiratory flow rate is 0.0555 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 4. Inspiratory capacity TABLE X Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 2.6 2.86 Independent t test 0.6509 The independent t test value for inspiratory capacity is 0.6509 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. Independentt test GRAPH-VII Chest expansion (axillary level) GRAPH- VIII Chest expansion (Nipple level) GRAPH- IX Chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) GRAPH-X Peak expiratory flow rate GRAPH-XI Inspiratory capacity INTERPRETATION OF DATA Calculated value of pairedt test for group A [chest expansion] Axillary level- T= 10.491 Nipple level T= 9.894 Xiphisternal level- T= 3.7213 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [chest expansion] Axillary level- T= 10.650 Nipple level- T= 10.546 Xiphisternal level- T= 9.4611 Calculated value of paired T test for group A [peak expiratory flow rate] T= 14.467 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [peak expiratory flow rate] T= 11.001 Calculated value of paired T test for group A [inspiratory capacity] T= 9.4611 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [inspiratory capacity] T = 11.375 Calculated T value is greater than T table value Calculated value of independent T test for chest expansion Axillary level- T= 0.7865 Nipple level- T = 1.1757 Xiphisternal level- T= 0.5641 2. Calculated value of independent T test for inspiratory capacity